Maize cellulose synthases and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The invention provides isolated cellulose synthase nucleic acids and their encoded proteins. The present invention provides methods and compositions relating to altering cellulose synthase levels in plants. The invention further provides recombinant expression cassettes, host cells, transgenic plants, and antibody compositions.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a continuation in part of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/209,059, filed Jul. 31, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/550,483, filed Apr. 14, 2000, now abandoned, which claims benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/371,383, filed Aug. 6, 1999, now abandoned, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/096,822, filed Aug. 17, 1998, now abandoned, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. This application also claims the benefit of co-pending U.S. application Ser. No. 10/267,459, filed Oct. 9, 2002, which claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/550,483, filed Apr. 14, 2000, now abandoned, which claims benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/371,383, filed Aug. 6, 1999, now abandoned, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/096,822, filed Aug. 17, 1998, now abandoned, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. This application also claims the benefit of co-pending application Ser. No. 10/160,719, filed Jun. 3, 2002, which claims benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/371,383, filed Aug. 6, 1999, now abandoned, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/096,822, filed Aug. 17, 1998, now abandoned.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] The present invention relates generally to plant molecular biology. More specifically, it relates to nucleic acids and methods for modulating their expression in plants.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Polysaccharides constitute the bulk of the plant cell walls and have been traditionally classified into three categories: cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Fry, S. C. (1988), The growing plant cell wall: Chemical and metabolic analysis, New York: Longman Scientific & Technical. Whereas cellulose is made at the plasma membrane and directly laid down into the cell wall, hemicellulosic and pectic polymers are first made in the Golgi apparatus and then exported to the cell wall by exocytosis. Ray, P. M., et al., (1976), Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. Bd. 89, 121-146. The variety of chemical linkages in the pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides indicates that there must be tens of polysaccharide synthases in the Golgi apparatus. Darvill et al., (1980), The primary cell walls of flowering plants. In The Plant Cell (N. E. Tolbert, ed.), Vol. 1 in Series: The biochemistry of plants: A comprehensive treatise, eds. P. K. Stumpf and E. E. Conn (New York: Academic Press), pp. 91-162.

[0004] Even though sugar and polysaccharide compositions of the plant cell walls have been well characterized, very limited progress has been made toward identification of the enzymes involved in polysaccharides formation, the reason being their labile nature and recalcitrance to solubilization by available detergents. Sporadic claims for the identification of cellulose synthase from plant sources were made over the years. Callaghan, T., and Benziman, M. (1984), Nature 311, 165-167; Okuda, et al., (1993), Plant Physiol. 101, 1131-1142. However, these claims were met with skepticism. Callaghan, T., and Benziman, M. (1985), Nature 314, 383-384; Delmer, et al., (1993), Plant Physiol. 103, 307-308. It was only relatively recently that a putative gene for plant cellulose synthase (CesA) was cloned from the developing cotton fibers based on homology to the bacterial gene. Pear, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 93, 12637-12642; Saxena, et al., (1990), Plant Molecular Biology 15, 673-684; see also, WO 9818949; see also Arioli, T., Peng, L., Betzner Andreas, S., Burn, J., Wittke, W., Herth, W., Camilleri, C., Hofte, H., Plazinski, J., Birch, R., Cork, A., Glover, J., Redmond, J., and Williamson Richard, E. (1998). Molecular analysis of cellulose biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Science Washington D.C. Jan. 279, 717-720. A number of genes for cellulose synthase family were later isolated from other plant species based on sequence homology to the cotton gene (Richmond Todd, A., and Somerville Chris, R. (2000), The cellulose synthase superfamily, Plant Physiology, 2000; 124, 495-498.)

[0005] Cellulose, by virtue of its ability to form semicrystalline microfibrils, has a very high tensile strength which approaches that of some metals. Niklas, K. J. (1992), Plant Biomechanics: An engineering approach to plant form and function, The University of Chicago Press, p. 607. Bending strength of the culm of normal and brittle-culm mutants of barley has been found to be directly correlated with the concentration of cellulose in the cell wall. Kokubo, et al., (1989), Plant Physiology 91, 876-882; Kokubo, et al., (1991) Plant Physiology 97, 509-514.

[0006] Although stalk composition contributes to numerous quality factors important in maize breeding, little is known in the art about the impact of cellulose levels on such agronomically important traits as stalk lodging, silage digestibility, or downstream processing. The present invention provides these and other advantages.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] Generally, it is the object of the present invention to provide nucleic acids and proteins relating to cellulose synthases. It is an object of the present invention to provide transgenic plants comprising the nucleic acids of the present invention, and methods for modulating, in a transgenic plant, expression of the nucleic acids of the present invention.

[0008] Therefore, in one aspect the present invention relates to an isolated nucleic acid comprising a member selected from the group consisting of (a) a polynucleotide having a specified sequence identity to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention; (b) a polynucleotide which is complementary to the polynucleotide of (a); and, (c) a polynucleotide comprising a specified number of contiguous nucleotides from a polynucleotide of (a) or (b). The isolated nucleic acid can be DNA.

[0009] In other aspects the present invention relates to: 1) recombinant expression cassettes, comprising a nucleic acid of the present invention operably linked to a promoter, 2) a host cell into which has been introduced the recombinant expression cassette, 3) a transgenic plant comprising the recombinant expression cassette, and 4) a transgenic plant comprising a recombinant expression cassette containing more than one nucleic acid of the present invention each operably linked to a promoter. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to combining by crossing and hybridization recombinant cassettes from different transformants. The host cell and plant are optionally from maize, wheat, rice, or soybean.

[0010] In other aspects the present invention relates to methods of altering stalk lodging and other standability traits, including, but not limited to brittle snap, and improving stalk digestibility, through the introduction of one or more of the polynucleotides that encode the polypeptides of the present invention. Additional aspects of the present invention include methods and transgenic plants useful in the end use processing of compounds such ads cellulose or use of transgenic plants as end products either directly, such as silage, or indirectly following processing, for such uses known to those of skill in the art, such as, but not limited to, ethanol. Also, one of skill in the art would recognize that the polynucleotides and encoded polypeptides of the present invention can be introduced into an host cell or transgenic plant wither singly or in multiples, sometimes referred to in the art as “stacking” of sequences or traits. It is intended that these compositions and methods be encompassed in the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011]FIG. 1: Stalk breaking strength of hybrids and its comparison with the lodging scores. The mechanical strength is very similar to the lodging scores that have been assigned based on field observations. The vertical light-colored bar in the upper right corner of the figure is the least significant difference (LSD) estimate at 5% level.

[0012]FIG. 2: Stalk strength of To transgenic plants. Plants overexpressing (“up”) ZmCesA4 and ZmCesA8 had significantly stronger stalks than the controls. Overexpression of CesA5 did not alter stalk strength whereas the overexpression of CesA1 led to weaker and stunted stalks.

[0013]FIG. 3: Correlation between unit cellulose and stalk breaking strength. Stalk breaking strength was highly correlated with the amount of cellulose in a unit stalk length. (correlation coefficient, r: 0.76; 0.63; 0.92; 0.86.) While these correlations are specifically related to the different CesA genes, it should be noted that in general the same correlation would apply. In other words, it is expected this would apply to low cellulose levels as well as higher cellulose levels.

[0014]FIG. 4: Unrooted cladogram of CesA proteins from different species. Sequences are labeled by prefixes. This cladogram demonstrates the relevance of the maize genes to those of Arabidopsis and rice. Prefixes: At, Arabidopsis thaliana; Gh, Gossypium herbaceum; Lj, Lotus japonicus; Mt, Medicago truncatula; Na, Nicotiana alata; Os, Oriza sativa; Pc, Populus canescens; Ptr, Populus tremula×tremuloides; Ze, Zinnia elegans; Zm, Zea mays.

[0015]FIG. 5: Expression pattern of CesA10, 11, and 12 in different maize tissues. All three genes are nearly synchronously expressed in tissues rich in secondary wall.

[0016]FIG. 6: Effect of overexpression of different CesA genes on plant height in corn. Whereas the overexpression of CesA8 led to an increase in height, CesA4 and CesA5 had not effect. Overexpression of CesA1 resulted in stunted plants.

[0017]FIG. 7: Effect of the overexpression of different CesA genes on the amount of cellulose in a unit length of the stalk tissue below ear in corn. CesA4 and CesA8, when overexpressed, resulted in an increased cellulose/length, CesA5 had no effect, and CesA1 resulted in reduced cellulose/length.

[0018]FIG. 8: Unrooted single most parsimonious tree of the CESA proteins from maize and Arabidopsis found by Branch and Bound algorithm of PAUP program. Branch lengths are proportionate to the inferred number of amino acid substitutions, which are shown in bold font. Bootstrap values (%) supporting the monophyletic groups are shown along the branches in parentheses.

[0019] Deduced protein sequences for the Arabidopsis CESA proteins were downloaded from the web site: cellwall.stanford.edu. Maize sequences for the genes CesA1-9 are available in GenBank (Holland et al., 2000). Sequence alignment was carried out using CLUSTAL W program (Thompson et al., 1994). Parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses were performed using the PAUP program (Swofford, 1998). To assess the degree of support for each branch on the tree, bootstrap analysis with 500 replicates was performed (Felsenstein, 1985). Maximum-likelihood tree was also reconstructed using proML algorithm implemented in the PHYLIP package by J. Felsenstein (Phylogeny Inference Package, version 3.6a2.1; web site: evolution.genetics.washington.edu/phylip.html). Both neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood trees showed very similar tree topologies as that of the maximally parsimonious tree with minor terminal branch differences.

[0020]FIG. 9: Expression of the maize CesA genes in different tissues as compiled from the MPSS database. The data are averaged over 76 different libraries. The number of libraries for each tissue was: root, 12; leaf, 13; stalk, 6; ear, 10; silk, 7; kernel, 2; embryo, 10; endosperm, 13; and pericarp, 3. The average for the total number of tags across the 79 libraries was 1,370,525 with a range of 1,223, 721 for a stalk library to 2,154,139 for a root library. The average for the adjusted number of unique tags was 45,293 with a range of 15,226 in an endosperm library to 87,030 for a root library.

[0021]FIG. 10: Expression of the maize CesA genes in different tissues compiled from the MPSS database. Total and adjusted unique tags numbered as follows, respectively: elongation zone, 1,351,429 and 25,850; transition zone, 1,324,473 and 32,425; and vascular bundles, 1,338,456 and 29,329. Inset, cellulose concentration in different tissues used for MPSS analysis.

[0022]FIG. 11: Mechanical strength differences between bk2 and its wildtype sib. Internodal flexural strength of the brittle stalk (bk2) mutant and its wildtype sib were measured below the ear one week after flowering. The seeds from the same selfed ear segregating for bk2 were grown in the greenhouse in pots. These data are for the third internode below the ear node obtained one week after flowering.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Overview

[0023] A. Nucleic Acids and Protein of the Present Invention

[0024] Unless otherwise stated, the polynucleotide and polypeptide sequences identified in Table 1 represent polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention. Table 1 cross-references these polynucleotide and polypeptides to their gene name and internal database identification number (SEQ ID NO.). A nucleic acid of the present invention comprises a polynucleotide of the present invention. A protein of the present invention comprises a polypeptide of the present invention. TABLE 1 Database ID Polynucleotide Polypeptide Gene Name NO: SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: Cellulose synthase CesA-1 1 2 Cellulose synthase CesA-2 45 46 Cellulose synthase CesA-3 5 6 Cellulose synthase CesA-4 9 10 Cellulose synthase CesA-5 13 14 Cellulose synthase CesA-6 41 42 Cellulose synthase CesA-7 49 50 Cellulose synthase CesA-8 17 18 Cellulose synthase CesA-9 21 22 Cellulose synthase  CesA-10 25 26 Cellulose synthase  CesA-11 27 28 Cellulose synthase  CesA-12 29 30

[0025] Table 2 further provides a comparison detailing the homology as a percentage of the 12 CesA genes from maize that have been described herein (see also “Related Applications” above). TABLE 2 CesA1 CesA2 CesA3 CesA4 CesA5 CesA6 CesA7 CesA8 CesA9 CesA10 CesA11 CesA12 CesA1 93 60 59 60 55 55 57 61 51 51 46 CesA2 60 59 61 55 55 57 61 51 51 47 CesA3 47 48 49 45 46 49 46 52 50 CesA4 77 54 52 58 86 54 53 52 CesA5 55 53 57 75 52 52 51 CesA6 74 73 56 56 55 53 CesA7 70 54 50 48 46 CesA8 59 55 52 51 CesA9 52 52 50 CesA10 53 64 CesA11 56 CesA12

[0026] Further characterization of the CesA group is provided in FIG. 4, as a consensus tree for plant Ces A proteins. It describes the relationship between Ces A from maize, rice and Arabidopsis sources.

[0027] B. Exemplary Utility of the Present Invention

[0028] The present invention provides utility in such exemplary applications as improvement of stalk quality for improved stand lodging or standability or silage digestibility. Further, the present invention provides for an increased concentration of cellulose in the pericarp, hardening the kernel and thus improving its handling ability. Stalk lodging at maturity can cause significant yield losses in corn. Environmental stresses from flowering to harvest, such as drought and nutrient deficiency, further worsen this problem. The effect of abiotic stresses is exacerbated by biotic factors, such as stalk rot resulting from the soil-living pathogens growing through the ground tissue.

[0029] Maize hybrids known to be resistant to stalk lodging have mechanically stronger stalks. At the compositional level, cellulose in a unit stalk length is highly correlated with breaking strength. The present invention provides for modulation of cellulose synthase composition leading to increased stalk strength.

Definitions

[0030] Units, prefixes, and symbols may be denoted in their SI accepted form. Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5′ to 3′ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in amino to carboxy orientation, respectively. Numeric ranges recited within the specification are inclusive of the numbers defining the range and include each integer within the defined range. Amino acids may be referred to herein by either their commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUBMB Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes. Unless otherwise provided for, software, electrical, and electronics terms as used herein are as defined in The New IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms (5^(th) edition, 1993). The terms defined below are more fully defined by reference to the specification as a whole. Section headings provided throughout the specification are not limitations to the various objects and embodiments of the present invention.

[0031] By “amplified” is meant the construction of multiple copies of a nucleic acid sequence or multiple copies complementary to the nucleic acid sequence using at least one of the nucleic acid sequences as a template. Amplification systems include the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system, ligase chain reaction (LCR) system, nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA, Cangene, Mississauga, Ontario), Q-Beta Replicase systems, transcription-based amplification system (TAS), and strand displacement amplification (SDA). See, e.g., Diagnostic Molecular Microbiology: Principles and Applications, D. H. Persing et al., Ed., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C. (1993). The product of amplification is termed an amplicon.

[0032] As used herein, “antisense orientation” includes reference to a duplex polynucleotide sequence that is operably linked to a promoter in an orientation where the antisense strand is transcribed. The antisense strand is sufficiently complementary to an endogenous transcription product such that translation of the endogenous transcription product is often inhibited.

[0033] By “encoding” or “encoded”, with respect to a specified nucleic acid, is meant comprising the information for translation into the specified protein. A nucleic acid encoding a protein may comprise non-translated sequences (e.g., introns) within translated regions of the nucleic acid, or may lack such intervening non-translated sequences (e.g., as in cDNA). The information by which a protein is encoded is specified by the use of codons. Typically, the amino acid sequence is encoded by the nucleic acid using the “universal” genetic code. However, variants of the universal code, such as are present in some plant, animal, and fungal mitochondria, the bacterium Mycoplasma capricolum, or the ciliate Macronucleus, may be used when the nucleic acid is expressed therein.

[0034] When the nucleic acid is prepared or altered synthetically, advantage can be taken of known codon preferences of the intended host where the nucleic acid is to be expressed. For example, although nucleic acid sequences of the present invention may be expressed in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plant species, sequences can be modified to account for the specific codon preferences and GC content preferences of monocotyledons or dicotyledons as these preferences have been shown to differ (Murray et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 17: 477-498 (1989)). Thus, the maize preferred codon for a particular amino acid may be derived from known gene sequences from maize. Maize codon usage for 28 genes from maize plants is listed in Table 4 of Murray et al., supra.

[0035] As used herein “full-length sequence” in reference to a specified polynucleotide or its encoded protein means having the entire amino acid sequence of a native (non-synthetic), endogenous, biologically (e.g., structurally or catalytically) active form of the specified protein. Methods to determine whether a sequence is full-length are well known in the art, including such exemplary techniques as northern or western blots, primer extension, S1 protection, and ribonuclease protection. See, e.g., Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, Clark, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1997). Comparison to known full-length homologous (orthologous and/or paralogous) sequences can also be used to identify full-length sequences of the present invention. Additionally, consensus sequences typically present at the 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of mRNA aid in the identification of a polynucleotide as full-length. For example, the consensus sequence ANNNNAUGG, where the underlined codon represents the N-terminal methionine, aids in determining whether the polynucleotide has a complete 5′ end. Consensus sequences at the 3′ end, such as polyadenylation sequences, aid in determining whether the polynucleotide has a complete 3′ end.

[0036] As used herein, “heterologous” in reference to a nucleic acid is a nucleic acid that originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its native form in composition and/or genomic locus by human intervention. For example, a promoter operably linked to a heterologous structural gene is from a species different from that from which the structural gene was derived, or, if from the same species, one or both are substantially modified from their original form. A heterologous protein may originate from a foreign species or, if from the same species, is substantially modified from its original form by human intervention.

[0037] By “host cell” is meant a cell which contains a vector and supports the replication and/or expression of the vector. Host cells may be prokaryotic cells such as E. coli, or eukaryotic cells such as yeast, insect, amphibian, or mammalian cells. Preferably, host cells are monocotyledonous or dicotyledonous plant cells. A particularly preferred monocotyledonous host cell is a maize host cell.

[0038] The term “introduced” includes reference to the incorporation of a nucleic acid into a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell where the nucleic acid may be incorporated into the genome of the cell (e.g., chromosome, plasmid, plastid or mitochondrial DNA), converted into an autonomous replicon, or transiently expressed (e.g., transfected mRNA). The term includes such nucleic acid introduction means as “transfection”, “transformation” and “transduction”.

[0039] The term “isolated” refers to material, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, which is: (1) substantially or essentially free from components which normally accompany or interact with it as found in its natural environment. The isolated material optionally comprises material not found with the material in its natural environment; or (2) if the material is in its natural environment, the material has been synthetically altered or synthetically produced by deliberate human intervention and/or placed at a different location within the cell. The synthetic alteration or creation of the material can be performed on the material within or apart from its natural state. For example, a naturally-occurring nucleic acid becomes an isolated nucleic acid if it is altered or produced by non-natural, synthetic methods, or if it is transcribed from DNA which has been altered or produced by non-natural, synthetic methods. The isolated nucleic acid may also be produced by the synthetic re-arrangement (“shuffling”) of a part or parts of one or more allelic forms of the gene of interest. Likewise, a naturally-occurring nucleic acid (e.g., a promoter) becomes isolated if it is introduced to a different locus of the genome. Nucleic acids which are “isolated,” as defined herein, are also referred to as “heterologous” nucleic acids. See, e.g., Compounds and Methods for Site Directed Mutagenesis in Eukaryotic Cells, Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; In Vivo Homologous Sequence Targeting in Eukaryotic Cells, Zarling et al., WO 93/22443 (PCT/US93/03868).

[0040] As used herein, “nucleic acid” includes reference to a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer, or chimeras thereof, in either single- or double-stranded form, and unless otherwise limited, encompasses known analogues having the essential nature of natural nucleotides in that they hybridize to single-stranded nucleic acids in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides (e.g., peptide nucleic acids).

[0041] By “nucleic acid library” is meant a collection of isolated DNA or RNA molecules which comprise and substantially represent the entire transcribed fraction of a genome of a specified organism, tissue, or of a cell type from that organism. Construction of exemplary nucleic acid libraries, such as genomic and cDNA libraries, is taught in standard molecular biology references such as Berger and Kimmel, Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 152, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif. (Berger); Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning—A Laboratory Manual, 2^(nd) ed., Vol. 1-3 (1989); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel et al., Eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1994).

[0042] As used herein “operably linked” includes reference to a functional linkage between a promoter and a second sequence, wherein the promoter sequence initiates and mediates transcription of the DNA sequence corresponding to the second sequence. Generally, operably linked means that the nucleic acid sequences being linked are contiguous and, where necessary to join two protein coding regions, contiguous and in the same reading frame.

[0043] As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to whole plants, plant parts or organs (e.g., leaves, stems, roots, etc.), plant cells, seeds and progeny of same. Plant cell, as used herein, further includes, without limitation, cells obtained from or found in: seeds, suspension cultures, embryos, meristematic regions, callus tissue, leaves, roots, shoots, gametophytes, sporophytes, pollen, and microspores. Plant cells can also be understood to include modified cells, such as protoplasts, obtained from the aforementioned tissues. The class of plants which can be used in the methods of the invention is generally as broad as the class of higher plants amenable to transformation techniques, including both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. A particularly preferred plant is Zea mays.

[0044] As used herein, “polynucleotide” includes reference to a deoxyribopolynucleotide, ribopolynucleotide, or chimeras or analogs thereof that have the essential nature of a natural deoxy- or ribo-nucleotide in that they hybridize, under stringent hybridization conditions, to substantially the same nucleotide sequence as naturally occurring nucleotides and/or allow translation into the same amino acid(s) as the naturally occurring nucleotide(s). A polynucleotide can be full-length or a subsequence of a native or heterologous structural or regulatory gene. Unless otherwise indicated, the term includes reference to the specified sequence as well as the complementary sequence thereof. Thus, DNAs or RNAs with backbones modified for stability or for other reasons are “polynucleotides” as that term is intended herein. Moreover, DNAs or RNAs comprising unusual bases, such as inosine, or modified bases, such as tritylated bases, to name just two examples, are polynucleotides as the term is used herein. It will be appreciated that a great variety of modifications have been made to DNA and RNA that serve many useful purposes known to those of skill in the art. The term polynucleotide as it is employed herein embraces such chemically, enzymatically or metabolically modified forms of polynucleotides, as well as the chemical forms of DNA and RNA characteristic of viruses and cells, including among other things, simple and complex cells.

[0045] The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. The terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical analogue of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers. The essential nature of such analogues of naturally occurring amino acids is that, when incorporated into a protein, that protein is specifically reactive to antibodies elicited to the same protein but consisting entirely of naturally occurring amino acids. The terms “polypeptide”, “peptide” and “protein” are also inclusive of modifications including, but not limited to, glycosylation, lipid attachment, sulfation, gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues, hydroxylation and ADP-ribosylation. Further, this invention contemplates the use of both the methionine-containing and the methionine-less amino terminal variants of the protein of the invention.

[0046] As used herein “promoter” includes reference to a region of DNA upstream from the start of transcription and involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A “plant promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in plant cells whether or not its origin is a plant cell. Exemplary plant promoters include, but are not limited to, those that are obtained from plants, plant viruses, and bacteria which comprise genes expressed in plant cells such Agrobacterium or Rhizobium. Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that preferentially initiate transcription in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, or seeds. Such promoters are referred to as “tissue preferred”. Promoters which initiate transcription only in certain tissue are referred to as “tissue specific”. A “cell type” specific promoter primarily drives expression in certain cell types in one or more organs, for example, vascular cells in roots or leaves. An “inducible” or “repressible” promoter is a promoter which is under environmental control. Examples of environmental conditions that may effect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions or the presence of light. Tissue specific, tissue preferred, cell type specific, and inducible promoters constitute the class of “non-constitutive” promoters. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter which is active under most environmental conditions.

[0047] As used herein “recombinant” includes reference to a cell or vector, that has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified. Thus, for example, recombinant cells express genes that are not found in identical form within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell or express native genes that are otherwise abnormally expressed, under-expressed or not expressed at all as a result of human intervention. The term “recombinant” as used herein does not encompass the alteration of the cell or vector by naturally occurring events (e.g., spontaneous mutation, natural transformation/transduction/transposition) such as those occurring without human intervention.

[0048] As used herein, a “recombinant expression cassette” is a nucleic acid construct, generated recombinantly or synthetically, with a series of specified nucleic acid elements which permit transcription of a particular nucleic acid in a host cell. The recombinant expression cassette can be incorporated into a plasmid, chromosome, mitochondrial DNA, plastid DNA, virus, or nucleic acid fragment. Typically, the recombinant expression cassette portion of an expression vector includes, among other sequences, a nucleic acid to be transcribed, and a promoter.

[0049] The term “residue” or “amino acid residue” or “amino acid” are used interchangeably herein to refer to an amino acid that is incorporated into a protein, polypeptide, or peptide (collectively “protein”). The amino acid may be a naturally occurring amino acid and, unless otherwise limited, may encompass non-natural analogs of natural amino acids that can function in a similar manner as naturally occurring amino acids.

[0050] The term “selectively hybridizes” includes reference to hybridization, under stringent hybridization conditions, of a nucleic acid sequence to a specified nucleic acid target sequence to a detectably greater degree (e.g., at least 2-fold over background) than its hybridization to non-target nucleic acid sequences and to the substantial exclusion of non-target nucleic acids. Selectively hybridizing sequences typically have about at least 80% sequence identity, preferably 90% sequence identity, and most preferably 100% sequence identity (i.e., complementary) with each other.

[0051] The term “stringent conditions” or “stringent hybridization conditions” includes reference to conditions under which a probe will selectively hybridize to its target sequence, to a detectably greater degree than to other sequences (e.g., at least 2-fold over background). Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. By controlling the stringency of the hybridization and/or washing conditions, target sequences can be identified which are 100% complementary to the probe (homologous probing). Alternatively, stringency conditions can be adjusted to allow some mismatching in sequences so that lower degrees of similarity are detected (heterologous probing). Generally, a probe is less than about 1000 nucleotides in length, optionally less than 500 nucleotides in length.

[0052] Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.5 M Na ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M Na ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30° C. for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60° C. for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides). Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. Exemplary low stringency conditions include hybridization with a buffer solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) at 37° C., and a wash in 1× to 2×SSC (20×SSC=3.0 M NaCl/0.3 M trisodium citrate) at 50 to 55° C. Exemplary moderate stringency conditions include hybridization in 40 to 45% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.5× to 1×SSC at 55 to 60° C. Exemplary high stringency conditions include hybridization in 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 60 to 65° C.

[0053] Specificity is typically the function of post-hybridization washes, the critical factors being the ionic strength and temperature of the final wash solution. For DNA-DNA hybrids, the T_(m) can be approximated from the equation of Meinkoth and Wahl, Anal. Biochem., 138:267-284 (1984): T_(m)=81.5° C.+16.6 (log M)+0.41 (% GC)−0.61 (% form)−500/L; where M is the molarity of monovalent cations, % GC is the percentage of guanosine and cytosine nucleotides in the DNA, % form is the percentage of formamide in the hybridization solution, and L is the length of the hybrid in base pairs. The T_(m) is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of a complementary target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. T_(m) is reduced by about 1° C. for each 1% of mismatching; thus, T_(m), hybridization and/or wash conditions can be adjusted to hybridize to sequences of the desired identity. For example, if sequences with ≧90% identity are sought, the T_(m) can be decreased 10° C. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (“T_(m)”) for the specific sequence and its complement at a defined ionic strength and pH. However, severely stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 1, 2, 3, or 4° C. lower than the T_(m); moderately stringent conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10° C. lower than the T_(m); low stringency conditions can utilize a hybridization and/or wash at 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 20° C. lower than the T_(m). Using the equation, hybridization and wash compositions, and desired T_(m), those of ordinary skill will understand that variations in the stringency of hybridization and/or wash solutions are inherently described. If the desired degree of mismatching results in a T_(m) of less than 45° C. (aqueous solution) or 32° C. (formamide solution) it is preferred to increase the SSC concentration so that a higher temperature can be used. Hybridization and/or wash conditions can be applied for at least 10, 30, 60, 90, 120, or 240 minutes. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen, Laboratory Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology—Hybridization with Nucleic Acid Probes, Part I, Chapter 2 “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays”, Elsevier, N.Y. (1993); and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 2, Ausubel, et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995).

[0054] As used herein, “transgenic plant” includes reference to a plant which comprises within its genome a heterologous polynucleotide. Generally, the heterologous polynucleotide is stably integrated within the genome such that the polynucleotide is passed on to successive generations. The heterologous polynucleotide may be integrated into the genome alone or as part of a recombinant expression cassette. “Transgenic” is used herein to include any cell, cell line, callus, tissue, plant part or plant, the genotype of which has been altered by the presence of heterologous nucleic acid including those transgenics initially so altered as well as those created by sexual crosses or asexual propagation from the initial transgenic. The term “transgenic” as used herein does not encompass the alteration of the genome (chromosomal or extra-chromosomal) by conventional plant breeding methods or by naturally occurring events such as random cross-fertilization, non-recombinant viral infection, non-recombinant bacterial transformation, non-recombinant transposition, or spontaneous mutation.

[0055] As used herein, “vector” includes reference to a nucleic acid used in introduction of a polynucleotide of the present invention into a host cell. Vectors are often replicons. Expression vectors permit transcription of a nucleic acid inserted therein.

[0056] The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between a polynucleotide/polypeptide of the present invention with a reference polynucleotide/polypeptide: (a) “reference sequence”, (b) “comparison window”, (c) “sequence identity”, and (d) “percentage of sequence identity”.

[0057] (a) As used herein, “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for sequence comparison with a polynucleotide/polypeptide of the present invention. A reference sequence may be a subset or the entirety of a specified sequence; for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence, or the complete cDNA or gene sequence.

[0058] (b) As used herein, “comparison window” includes reference to a contiguous and specified segment of a polynucleotide/polypeptide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide/polypeptide sequence may be compared to a reference sequence and wherein the portion of the polynucleotide/polypeptide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Generally, the comparison window is at least 20 contiguous nucleotides/amino acids residues in length, and optionally can be 30, 40, 50, 100, or longer. Those of skill in the art understand that to avoid a high similarity to a reference sequence due to inclusion of gaps in the polynucleotide/polypeptide sequence, a gap penalty is typically introduced and is subtracted from the number of matches.

[0059] Methods of alignment of sequences for comparison are well-known in the art. Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482 (1981); by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443 (1970); by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 85: 2444 (1988); by computerized implementations of these algorithms, including, but not limited to: CLUSTAL in the PC/Gene program by Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif.; GAP, BESTFIT, BLAST, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis., USA; the CLUSTAL program is well described by Higgins and Sharp, Gene 73: 237-244 (1988); Higgins and Sharp, CABIOS 5: 151-153 (1989); Corpet, et al., Nucleic Acids Research 16: 10881-90 (1988); Huang, et al., Computer Applications in the Biosciences 8: 155-65 (1992), and Pearson, et al., Methods in Molecular Biology 24: 307-331 (1994).

[0060] The BLAST family of programs which can be used for database similarity searches includes: BLASTN for nucleotide query sequences against nucleotide database sequences; BLASTX for nucleotide query sequences against protein database sequences; BLASTP for protein query sequences against protein database sequences; TBLASTN for protein query sequences against nucleotide database sequences; and TBLASTX for nucleotide query sequences against nucleotide database sequences. See, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 19, Ausubel, et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995); Altschul et al, J. Mol. Biol., 215:403-410 (1990); and, Altschul et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 25:3389-3402 (1997).

[0061] Software for performing BLAST analyses is publicly available, e.g., through the National Center for Biotechnology Information. This algorithm involves first identifying high scoring sequence pairs (HSPs) by identifying short words of length W in the query sequence, which either match or satisfy some positive-valued threshold score T when aligned with a word of the same length in a database sequence. T is referred to as the neighborhood word score threshold. These initial neighborhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find longer HSPs containing them. The word hits are then extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased. Cumulative scores are calculated using, for nucleotide sequences, the parameters M (reward score for a pair of matching residues; always >0) and N (penalty score for mismatching residues; always <0). For amino acid sequences, a scoring matrix is used to calculate the cumulative score. Extension of the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached. The BLAST algorithm parameters W, T, and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment. The BLASTN program (for nucleotide sequences) uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 11, an expectation (E) of 10, a cutoff of 100, M=5, N=−4, and a comparison of both strands. For amino acid sequences, the BLASTP program uses as defaults a wordlength (W) of 3, an expectation (E) of 10, and the BLOSUM62 scoring matrix (see Henikoff & Henikoff (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915).

[0062] In addition to calculating percent sequence identity, the BLAST algorithm also performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences (see, e.g., Karlin & Altschul, Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5873-5877 (1993)). One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences would occur by chance.

[0063] BLAST searches assume that proteins can be modeled as random sequences. However, many real proteins comprise regions of nonrandom sequences which may be homopolymeric tracts, short-period repeats, or regions enriched in one or more amino acids. Such low-complexity regions may be aligned between unrelated proteins even though other regions of the protein are entirely dissimilar. A number of low-complexity filter programs can be employed to reduce such low-complexity alignments. For example, the SEG (Wooten and Federhen, Comput. Chem., 17:149-163 (1993)) and XNU (Claverie and States, Comput. Chem., 17:191-201 (1993)) low-complexity filters can be employed alone or in combination.

[0064] Unless otherwise stated, nucleotide and protein identity/similarity values provided herein are calculated using GAP (GCG Version 10) under default values.

[0065] GAP (Global Alignment Program) can also be used to compare a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention with a reference sequence. GAP uses the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453, 1970) to find the alignment of two complete sequences that maximizes the number of matches and minimizes the number of gaps. GAP considers all possible alignments and gap positions and creates the alignment with the largest number of matched bases and the fewest gaps. It allows for the provision of a gap creation penalty and a gap extension penalty in units of matched bases. GAP must make a profit of gap creation penalty number of matches for each gap it inserts. If a gap extension penalty greater than zero is chosen, GAP must, in addition, make a profit for each gap inserted of the length of the gap times the gap extension penalty. Default gap creation penalty values and gap extension penalty values in Version 10 of the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package for protein sequences are 8 and 2, respectively. For nucleotide sequences the default gap creation penalty is 50 while the default gap extension penalty is 3. The gap creation and gap extension penalties can be expressed as an integer selected from the group of integers consisting of from 0 to 100. Thus, for example, the gap creation and gap extension penalties can each independently be: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60 or greater.

[0066] GAP presents one member of the family of best alignments. There may be many members of this family, but no other member has a better quality. GAP displays four figures of merit for alignments: Quality, Ratio, Identity, and Similarity. The Quality is the metric maximized in order to align the sequences. Ratio is the quality divided by the number of bases in the shorter segment. Percent Identity is the percent of the symbols that actually match. Percent Similarity is the percent of the symbols that are similar. Symbols that are across from gaps are ignored. A similarity is scored when the scoring matrix value for a pair of symbols is greater than or equal to 0.50, the similarity threshold. The scoring matrix used in Version 10 of the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package is BLOSUM62 (see Henikoff & Henikoff (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10915).

[0067] Multiple alignment of the sequences can be performed using the CLUSTAL method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the CLUSTAL method are KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5.

[0068] (c) As used herein, “sequence identity” or “identity” in the context of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences includes reference to the residues in the two sequences which are the same when aligned for maximum correspondence over a specified comparison window. When percentage of sequence identity is used in reference to proteins it is recognized that residue positions which are not identical often differ by conservative amino acid substitutions, where amino acid residues are substituted for other amino acid residues with similar chemical properties (e.g. charge or hydrophobicity) and therefore do not change the functional properties of the molecule. Where sequences differ in conservative substitutions, the percent sequence identity may be adjusted upwards to correct for the conservative nature of the substitution. Sequences which differ by such conservative substitutions are said to have “sequence similarity” or “similarity”. Means for making this adjustment are well-known to those of skill in the art. Typically this involves scoring a conservative substitution as a partial rather than a full mismatch, thereby increasing the percentage sequence identity. Thus, for example, where an identical amino acid is given a score of 1 and a non-conservative substitution is given a score of zero, a conservative substitution is given a score between zero and 1. The scoring of conservative substitutions is calculated, e.g., according to the algorithm of Meyers and Miller, Computer Applic. Biol. Sci., 4: 11-17 (1988) e.g., as implemented in the program PC/GENE (Intelligenetics, Mountain View, Calif., USA).

[0069] (d) As used herein, “percentage of sequence identity” means the value determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

Utilities

[0070] The present invention provides, among other things, compositions and methods for modulating (i.e., increasing or decreasing) the level of polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention in plants. In particular, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention can be expressed temporally or spatially, e.g., at developmental stages, in tissues, and/or in quantities, which are uncharacteristic of non-recombinantly engineered plants.

[0071] The present invention also provides isolated nucleic acids comprising polynucleotides of sufficient length and complementarity to a polynucleotide of the present invention to use as probes or amplification primers in the detection, quantitation, or isolation of gene transcripts. For example, isolated nucleic acids of the present invention can be used as probes in detecting deficiencies in the level of mRNA in screenings for desired transgenic plants, for detecting mutations in the gene (e.g., substitutions, deletions, or additions), for monitoring upregulation of expression or changes in enzyme activity in screening assays of compounds, for detection of any number of allelic variants (polymorphisms), orthologs, or paralogs of the gene, or for site directed mutagenesis in eukaryotic cells (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350). The isolated nucleic acids of the present invention can also be used for recombinant expression of their encoded polypeptides, or for use as immunogens in the preparation and/or screening of antibodies. The isolated nucleic acids of the present invention can also be employed for use in sense or antisense suppression of one or more genes of the present invention in a host cell, tissue, or plant. Attachment of chemical agents which bind, intercalate, cleave and/or crosslink to the isolated nucleic acids of the present invention can also be used to modulate transcription or translation.

[0072] The present invention also provides isolated proteins comprising a polypeptide of the present invention (e.g., preproenzyme, proenzyme, or enzymes). The present invention also provides proteins comprising at least one epitope from a polypeptide of the present invention. The proteins of the present invention can be employed in assays for enzyme agonists or antagonists of enzyme function, or for use as immunogens or antigens to obtain antibodies specifically immunoreactive with a protein of the present invention. Such antibodies can be used in assays for expression levels, for identifying and/or isolating nucleic acids of the present invention from expression libraries, for identification of homologous polypeptides from other species, or for purification of polypeptides of the present invention.

[0073] The isolated nucleic acids and polypeptides of the present invention can be used over a broad range of plant types, particularly monocots such as the species of the family Gramineae including Hordeum, Secale, Oryza, Triticum, Sorghum (e.g., S. bicolor) and Zea (e.g., Z. mays), and dicots such as Glycine.

[0074] The isolated nucleic acid and proteins of the present invention can also be used in species from the genera: Cucurbita, Rosa, Vitis, Juglans, Fragaria, Lotus, Medicago, Onobrychis, Trifolium, Trigonella, Vigna, Citrus, Linum, Geranium, Manihot, Daucus, Arabidopsis, Brassica, Raphanus, Sinapis, Atropa, Capsicum, Datura, Hyoscyamus, Lycopersicon, Nicotiana, Solanum, Petunia, Digitalis, Majorana, Ciahorium, Helianthus, Lactuca, Bromus, Asparagus, Antirrhinum, Heterocallis, Nemesis, Pelargonium, Panieum, Pennisetum, Ranunculus, Senecio, Salpiglossis, Cucumis, Browallia, Pisum, Phaseolus, Lolium, and Avena.

Nucleic Acids

[0075] The present invention provides, among other things, isolated nucleic acids of RNA, DNA, and analogs and/or chimeras thereof, comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention.

[0076] A polynucleotide of the present invention is inclusive of those in Table 1 and:

[0077] (a) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention such as those referenced in Table 1, including exemplary polynucleotides of the present invention;

[0078] (b) an isolated polynucleotide which is the product of amplification from a plant nucleic acid library using primer pairs which selectively hybridize under stringent conditions to loci within a polynucleotide of the present invention;

[0079] (c) an isolated polynucleotide which selectively hybridizes to a polynucleotide of (a) or (b);

[0080] (d) an isolated polynucleotide having a specified sequence identity with polynucleotides of (a), (b), or (c);

[0081] (e) an isolated polynucleotide encoding a protein having a specified number of contiguous amino acids from a prototype polypeptide, wherein the protein is specifically recognized by antisera elicited by presentation of the protein and wherein the protein does not detectably immunoreact to antisera which has been fully immunosorbed with the protein;

[0082] (f) complementary sequences of polynucleotides of (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e); and

[0083] (g) an isolated polynucleotide comprising at least a specific number of contiguous nucleotides from a polynucleotide of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), or (f);

[0084] (h) an isolated polynucleotide from a full-length enriched cDNA library having the physico-chemical property of selectively hybridizing to a polynucleotide of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), or (g);

[0085] (i) an isolated polynucleotide made by the process of: 1) providing a full-length enriched nucleic acid library, 2) selectively hybridizing the polynucleotide to a polynucleotide of (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), (g), or (h), thereby isolating the polynucleotide from the nucleic acid library.

[0086] A. Polynucleotides Encoding A Polypeptide of the Present Invention

[0087] As indicated in (a), above, the present invention provides isolated nucleic acids comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention, wherein the polynucleotide encodes a polypeptide of the present invention. Every nucleic acid sequence herein that encodes a polypeptide also, by reference to the genetic code, describes every possible silent variation of the nucleic acid. One of ordinary skill will recognize that each codon in a nucleic acid (except AUG, which is ordinarily the only codon for methionine; and UGG , which is ordinarily the only codon for tryptophan) can be modified to yield a functionally identical molecule. Thus, each silent variation of a nucleic acid which encodes a polypeptide of the present invention is implicit in each described polypeptide sequence and is within the scope of the present invention. Accordingly, the present invention includes polynucleotides of the present invention and polynucleotides encoding a polypeptide of the present invention.

[0088] B. Polynucleotides Amplified from a Plant Nucleic Acid Library

[0089] As indicated in (b), above, the present invention provides an isolated nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention, wherein the polynucleotides are amplified, under nucleic acid amplification conditions, from a plant nucleic acid library. Nucleic acid amplification conditions for each of the variety of amplification methods are well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The plant nucleic acid library can be constructed from a monocot such as a cereal crop. Exemplary cereals include maize, sorghum, alfalfa, canola, wheat, or rice. The plant nucleic acid library can also be constructed from a dicot such as soybean. Zea mays lines B73, PHRE1, A632, BMS-P2 #10, W23, and Mo17 are known and publicly available. Other publicly known and available maize lines can be obtained from the Maize Genetics Cooperation (Urbana, Ill.). Wheat lines are available from the Wheat Genetics Resource Center (Manhattan, Kans.).

[0090] The nucleic acid library may be a cDNA library, a genomic library, or a library generally constructed from nuclear transcripts at any stage of intron processing. cDNA libraries can be normalized to increase the representation of relatively rare cDNAs. In optional embodiments, the cDNA library is constructed using an enriched full-length cDNA synthesis method. Examples of such methods include Oligo-Capping (Maruyama, K. and Sugano, S. Gene 138: 171-174, 1994), Biotinylated CAP Trapper (Carninci, et al. Genomics 37: 327-336, 1996), and CAP Retention Procedure (Edery, E., Chu, L. L., et al. Molecular and Cellular Biology 15: 3363-3371, 1995). Rapidly growing tissues or rapidly dividing cells are preferred for use as an mRNA source for construction of a cDNA library. Growth stages of maize are described in “How a Corn Plant Develops,” Special Report No. 48, Iowa State University of Science and Technology Cooperative Extension Service, Ames, Iowa, Reprinted February 1993.

[0091] A polynucleotide of this embodiment (or subsequences thereof) can be obtained, for example, by using amplification primers which are selectively hybridized and primer extended, under nucleic acid amplification conditions, to at least two sites within a polynucleotide of the present invention, or to two sites within the nucleic acid which flank and comprise a polynucleotide of the present invention, or to a site within a polynucleotide of the present invention and a site within the nucleic acid which comprises it. Methods for obtaining 5′ and/or 3′ ends of a vector insert are well known in the art. See, e.g., RACE (Rapid Amplification of Complementary Ends) as described in Frohman, M. A., in PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, M. A. Innis, D. H. Gelfand, J. J. Sninsky, T. J. White, Eds. (Academic Press, Inc., San Diego), pp. 28-38 (1990)); see also, U.S. Pat. No. 5,470,722, and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Unit 15.6, Ausubel, et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995); Frohman and Martin, Techniques 1:165 (1989).

[0092] Optionally, the primers are complementary to a subsequence of the target nucleic acid which they amplify but may have a sequence identity ranging from about 85% to 99% relative to the polynucleotide sequence which they are designed to anneal to. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, the sites to which the primer pairs will selectively hybridize are chosen such that a single contiguous nucleic acid can be formed under the desired nucleic acid amplification conditions. The primer length in nucleotides is selected from the group of integers consisting of from at least 15 to 50. Thus, the primers can be at least 15, 18, 20, 25, 30, 40, or 50 nucleotides in length. Those of skill will recognize that a lengthened primer sequence can be employed to increase specificity of binding (i.e., annealing) to a target sequence. A non-annealing sequence at the 5′ end of a primer (a “tail”) can be added, for example, to introduce a cloning site at the terminal ends of the amplicon.

[0093] The amplification products can be translated using expression systems well known to those of skill in the art. The resulting translation products can be confirmed as polypeptides of the present invention by, for example, assaying for the appropriate catalytic activity (e.g., specific activity and/or substrate specificity), or verifying the presence of one or more epitopes which are specific to a polypeptide of the present invention. Methods for protein synthesis from PCR derived templates are known in the art and available commercially. See, e.g., Amersham Life Sciences, Inc, Catalog '97, p.354.

[0094] C. Polynucleotides which Selectively Hybridize to a Polynucleotide of (A) or (B)

[0095] As indicated in (c), above, the present invention provides isolated nucleic acids comprising polynucleotides of the present invention, wherein the polynucleotides selectively hybridize, under selective hybridization conditions, to a polynucleotide of sections (A) or (B) as discussed above. Thus, the polynucleotides of this embodiment can be used for isolating, detecting, and/or quantifying nucleic acids comprising the polynucleotides of (A) or (B). For example, polynucleotides of the present invention can be used to identify, isolate, or amplify partial or full-length clones in a deposited library. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides are genomic or cDNA sequences isolated or otherwise complementary to a cDNA from a dicot or monocot nucleic acid library. Exemplary species of monocots and dicots include, but are not limited to: maize, canola, soybean, cotton, wheat, sorghum, sunflower, alfalfa, oats, sugar cane, millet, barley, and rice. The cDNA library comprises at least 50% to 95% full-length sequences (for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% full-length sequences). The cDNA libraries can be normalized to increase the representation of rare sequences. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,845. Low stringency hybridization conditions are typically, but not exclusively, employed with sequences having a reduced sequence identity relative to complementary sequences. Moderate and high stringency conditions can optionally be employed for sequences of greater identity. Low stringency conditions allow selective hybridization of sequences having about 70% to 80% sequence identity and can be employed to identify orthologous or paralogous sequences.

[0096] D. Polynucleotides Having a Specific Sequence Identity with the Polynucleotides of (A), (B) or (C)

[0097] As indicated in (d), above, the present invention provides isolated nucleic acids comprising polynucleotides of the present invention, wherein the polynucleotides have a specified identity at the nucleotide level to a polynucleotide as disclosed above in sections (A), (B), or (C), above. Identity can be calculated using, for example, the BLAST, CLUSTALW, or GAP algorithms under default conditions. The percentage of identity to a reference sequence is at least 50% and, rounded upwards to the nearest integer, can be expressed as an integer selected from the group of integers consisting of from 50 to 99. Thus, for example, the percentage of identity to a reference sequence can be at least 60%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%.

[0098] Optionally, the polynucleotides of this embodiment will encode a polypeptide that will share an epitope with a polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotides of sections (A), (B), or (C). Thus, these polynucleotides encode a first polypeptide which elicits production of antisera comprising antibodies which are specifically reactive to a second polypeptide encoded by a polynucleotide of (A), (B), or (C). However, the first polypeptide does not bind to antisera raised against itself when the antisera has been fully immunosorbed with the first polypeptide. Hence, the polynucleotides of this embodiment can be used to generate antibodies for use in, for example, the screening of expression libraries for nucleic acids comprising polynucleotides of (A), (B), or (C), or for purification of, or in immunoassays for, polypeptides encoded by the polynucleotides of (A), (B), or (C). The polynucleotides of this embodiment comprise nucleic acid sequences which can be employed for selective hybridization to a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of the present invention.

[0099] Screening polypeptides for specific binding to antisera can be conveniently achieved using peptide display libraries. This method involves the screening of large collections of peptides for individual members having the desired function or structure. Antibody screening of peptide display libraries is well known in the art. The displayed peptide sequences can be from 3 to 5000 or more amino acids in length, frequently from 5-100 amino acids long, and often from about 8 to 15 amino acids long. In addition to direct chemical synthetic methods for generating peptide libraries, several recombinant DNA methods have been described. One type involves the display of a peptide sequence on the surface of a bacteriophage or cell. Each bacteriophage or cell contains the nucleotide sequence encoding the particular displayed peptide sequence. Such methods are described in PCT patent publication Nos. 91/17271, 91/18980, 91/19818, and 93/08278. Other systems for generating libraries of peptides have aspects of both in vitro chemical synthesis and recombinant methods. See, PCT Patent publication Nos. 92/05258, 92/14843, and 97/20078. See also, U.S. Pat Nos. 5,658,754; and 5,643,768. Peptide display libraries, vectors, and screening kits are commercially available from such suppliers as Invitrogen (Carlsbad, Calif.).

[0100] E. Polynucleotides Encoding a Protein Having a Subsequence from a Prototype Polypeptide and Cross-Reactive to the Prototype Polypeptide

[0101] As indicated in (e), above, the present invention provides isolated nucleic acids comprising polynucleotides of the present invention, wherein the polynucleotides encode a protein having a subsequence of contiguous amino acids from a prototype polypeptide of the present invention such as are provided in (a), above. The length of contiguous amino acids from the prototype polypeptide is selected from the group of integers consisting of from at least 10 to the number of amino acids within the prototype sequence. Thus, for example, the polynucleotide can encode a polypeptide having a subsequence having at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50, contiguous amino acids from the prototype polypeptide. Further, the number of such subsequences encoded by a polynucleotide of the instant embodiment can be any integer selected from the group consisting of from 1 to 20, such as 2, 3, 4, or 5. The subsequences can be separated by any integer of nucleotides from 1 to the number of nucleotides in the sequence such as at least 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 100, or 200 nucleotides.

[0102] The proteins encoded by polynucleotides of this embodiment, when presented as an immunogen, elicit the production of polyclonal antibodies which specifically bind to a prototype polypeptide such as but not limited to, a polypeptide encoded by the polynucleotide of (a) or (b), above. Generally, however, a protein encoded by a polynucleotide of this embodiment does not bind to antisera raised against the prototype polypeptide when the antisera has been fully immunosorbed with the prototype polypeptide. Methods of making and assaying for antibody binding specificity/affinity are well known in the art. Exemplary immunoassay formats include ELISA, competitive immunoassays, radioimmunoassays, Western blots, indirect immunofluorescent assays and the like.

[0103] In a preferred assay method, fully immunosorbed and pooled antisera which is elicited to the prototype polypeptide can be used in a competitive binding assay to test the protein. The concentration of the prototype polypeptide required to inhibit 50% of the binding of the antisera to the prototype polypeptide is determined. If the amount of the protein required to inhibit binding is less than twice the amount of the prototype protein, then the protein is said to specifically bind to the antisera elicited to the immunogen. Accordingly, the proteins of the present invention embrace allelic variants, conservatively modified variants, and minor recombinant modifications to a prototype polypeptide.

[0104] A polynucleotide of the present invention optionally encodes a protein having a molecular weight as the non-glycosylated protein within 20% of the molecular weight of the full-length non-glycosylated polypeptides of the present invention. Molecular weight can be readily determined by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions. Optionally, the molecular weight is within 15% of a full length polypeptide of the present invention, more preferably within 10% or 5%, and most preferably within 3%, 2%, or 1% of a full length polypeptide of the present invention.

[0105] Optionally, the polynucleotides of this embodiment will encode a protein having a specific enzymatic activity at least 50%, 60%, 80%, or 90% of a cellular extract comprising the native, endogenous full-length polypeptide of the present invention. Further, the proteins encoded by polynucleotides of this embodiment will optionally have a substantially similar affinity constant (K_(m)) and/or catalytic activity (i.e., the microscopic rate constant, k_(cat)) as the native endogenous, full-length protein. Those of skill in the art will recognize that k_(cat)/K_(m) value determines the specificity for competing substrates and is often referred to as the specificity constant. Proteins of this embodiment can have a k_(cat)/K_(m) value at least 10% of a full-length polypeptide of the present invention as determined using the endogenous substrate of that polypeptide. Optionally, the k_(cat)/K_(m) value will be at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and most preferably at least 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% the k_(cat)/K_(m) value of the full-length polypeptide of the present invention. Determination of k_(cat), K_(m), and k_(cat)/K_(m) can be determined by any number of means well known to those of skill in the art. For example, the initial rates (i.e., the first 5% or less of the reaction) can be determined using rapid mixing and sampling techniques (e.g., continuous-flow, stopped-flow, or rapid quenching techniques), flash photolysis, or relaxation methods (e.g., temperature jumps) in conjunction with such exemplary methods of measuring as spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, nuclear magnetic resonance, or radioactive procedures. Kinetic values are conveniently obtained using a Lineweaver-Burk or Eadie-Hofstee plot.

[0106] F. Polynucleotides Complementary to the Polynucleotides of (A)-(E)

[0107] As indicated in (f), above, the present invention provides isolated nucleic acids comprising polynucleotides complementary to the polynucleotides of paragraphs A-E, above. As those of skill in the art will recognize, complementary sequences base-pair throughout the entirety of their length with the polynucleotides of sections (A)-(E) (i.e., have 100% sequence identity over their entire length). Complementary bases associate through hydrogen bonding in double stranded nucleic acids. For example, the following base pairs are complementary: guanine and cytosine; adenine and thymine; and adenine and uracil.

[0108] G. Polynucleotides which are Subsequences of the Polynucleotides of (A)-(F)

[0109] As indicated in (g), above, the present invention provides isolated nucleic acids comprising polynucleotides which comprise at least 15 contiguous bases from the polynucleotides of sections (A) through (F) as discussed above. The length of the polynucleotide is given as an integer selected from the group consisting of from at least 15 to the length of the nucleic acid sequence from which the polynucleotide is a subsequence of. Thus, for example, polynucleotides of the present invention are inclusive of polynucleotides comprising at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, or 100 contiguous nucleotides in length from the polynucleotides of (A)-(F). Optionally, the number of such subsequences encoded by a polynucleotide of the instant embodiment can be any integer selected from the group consisting of from 1 to 20, such as 2, 3, 4, or 5. The subsequences can be separated by any integer of nucleotides from 1 to the number of nucleotides in the sequence such as at least 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, 100, or 200 nucleotides.

[0110] Subsequences can be made by in vitro synthetic, in vitro biosynthetic, or in vivo recombinant methods. In optional embodiments, subsequences can be made by nucleic acid amplification. For example, nucleic acid primers will be constructed to selectively hybridize to a sequence (or its complement) within, or co-extensive with, the coding region.

[0111] The subsequences of the present invention can comprise structural characteristics of the sequence from which it is derived. Alternatively, the subsequences can lack certain structural characteristics of the larger sequence from which it is derived such as a poly (A) tail. Optionally, a subsequence from a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide having at least one epitope in common with a prototype polypeptide sequence as provided in (a), above, may encode an epitope in common with the prototype sequence. Alternatively, the subsequence may not encode an epitope in common with the prototype sequence but can be used to isolate the larger sequence by, for example, nucleic acid hybridization with the sequence from which it's derived. Subsequences can be used to modulate or detect gene expression by introducing into the subsequences compounds which bind, intercalate, cleave and/or crosslink to nucleic acids. Exemplary compounds include acridine, psoralen, phenanthroline, naphthoquinone, daunomycin or chloroethylaminoaryl conjugates.

[0112] H. Polynucleotides from a Full-Length Enriched cDNA Library Having the Physico-Chemical Property of Selectively Hybridizing to a Polynucleotide of (A)-(G)

[0113] As indicated in (h), above, the present invention provides an isolated polynucleotide from a full-length enriched cDNA library having the physico-chemical property of selectively hybridizing to a polynucleotide of paragraphs (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (F), or (G) as discussed above. Methods of constructing full-length enriched cDNA libraries are known in the art and discussed briefly below. The cDNA library comprises at least 50% to 95% full-length sequences (for example, at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% full-length sequences). The cDNA library can be constructed from a variety of tissues from a monocot or dicot at a variety of developmental stages. Exemplary species include maize, wheat, rice, canola, soybean, cotton, sorghum, sunflower, alfalfa, oats, sugar cane, millet, barley, and rice. Methods of selectively hybridizing, under selective hybridization conditions, a polynucleotide from a full-length enriched library to a polynucleotide of the present invention are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Any number of stringency conditions can be employed to allow for selective hybridization. In optional embodiments, the stringency allows for selective hybridization of sequences having at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 98% sequence identity over the length of the hybridized region. Full-length enriched cDNA libraries can be normalized to increase the representation of rare sequences.

[0114] I. Polynucleotide Products Made by a cDNA Isolation Process

[0115] As indicated in (I), above, the present invention provides an isolated polynucleotide made by the process of: 1) providing a full-length enriched nucleic acid library, 2) selectively hybridizing the polynucleotide to a polynucleotide of paragraphs (A), (B), (C), (D), (E), (F), (G, or (H) as discussed above, and thereby isolating the polynucleotide from the nucleic acid library. Full-length enriched nucleic acid libraries are constructed as discussed in paragraph (G) and below. Selective hybridization conditions are as discussed in paragraph (G). Nucleic acid purification procedures are well known in the art. Purification can be conveniently accomplished using solid-phase methods; such methods are well known to those of skill in the art and kits are available from commercial suppliers such as Advanced Biotechnologies (Surrey, U K). For example, a polynucleotide of paragraphs (A)-(H) can be immobilized to a solid support such as a membrane, bead, or particle. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,667,976. The polynucleotide product of the present process is selectively hybridized to an immobilized polynucleotide and the solid support is subsequently isolated from non-hybridized polynucleotides by methods including, but not limited to, centrifugation, magnetic separation, filtration, electrophoresis, and the like.

Construction of Nucleic Acids

[0116] The isolated nucleic acids of the present invention can be made using (a) standard recombinant methods, (b) synthetic techniques, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides of the present invention will be cloned, amplified, or otherwise constructed from a monocot such as maize, rice, or wheat, or a dicot such as soybean.

[0117] The nucleic acids may conveniently comprise sequences in addition to a polynucleotide of the present invention. For example, a multi-cloning site comprising one or more endonuclease restriction sites may be inserted into the nucleic acid to aid in isolation of the polynucleotide. Also, translatable sequences may be inserted to aid in the isolation of the translated polynucleotide of the present invention. For example, a hexa-histidine marker sequence provides a convenient means to purify the proteins of the present invention. A polynucleotide of the present invention can be attached to a vector, adapter, or linker for cloning and/or expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention. Additional sequences may be added to such cloning and/or expression sequences to optimize their function in cloning and/or expression, to aid in isolation of the polynucleotide, or to improve the introduction of the polynucleotide into a cell. Typically, the length of a nucleic acid of the present invention less the length of its polynucleotide of the present invention is less than 20 kilobase pairs, often less than 15 kb, and frequently less than 10 kb. Use of cloning vectors, expression vectors, adapters, and linkers is well known and extensively described in the art. For a description of various nucleic acids see, for example, Stratagene Cloning Systems, Catalogs 1999 (La Jolla, Calif.); and, Amersham Life Sciences, Inc, Catalog '99 (Arlington Heights, Ill.).

[0118] A. Recombinant Methods for Constructing Nucleic Acids

[0119] The isolated nucleic acid compositions of this invention, such as RNA, cDNA, genomic DNA, or a hybrid thereof, can be obtained from plant biological sources using any number of cloning methodologies known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, oligonucleotide probes which selectively hybridize, under stringent conditions, to the polynucleotides of the present invention are used to identify the desired sequence in a cDNA or genomic DNA library. Isolation of RNA, and construction of cDNA and genomic libraries is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. See, e.g., Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, Clark, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1997); and, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995).

[0120] A1. Full-Length Enriched cDNA Libraries

[0121] A number of cDNA synthesis protocols have been described which provide enriched full-length cDNA libraries. Enriched full-length cDNA libraries are constructed to comprise at least 600%, and more preferably at least 70%, 80%, 90% or 95% full-length inserts amongst clones containing inserts. The length of insert in such libraries can be at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more kilobase pairs. Vectors to accommodate inserts of these sizes are known in the art and available commercially. See, e.g., Stratagene's lambda ZAP Express (cDNA cloning vector with 0 to 12 kb cloning capacity). An exemplary method of constructing a greater than 95% pure full-length cDNA library is described by Carninci et al., Genomics, 37:327-336 (1996). Other methods for producing full-length libraries are known in the art. See, e.g., Edery et al., Mol. Cell Biol., 15(6):3363-3371 (1995); and, PCT Application WO 96/34981.

[0122] A2 Normalized or Subtracted cDNA Libraries

[0123] A non-normalized cDNA library represents the mRNA population of the tissue it was made from. Since unique clones are out-numbered by clones derived from highly expressed genes their isolation can be laborious. Normalization of a cDNA library is the process of creating a library in which each clone is more equally represented. Construction of normalized libraries is described in Ko, Nucl. Acids. Res., 18(19):5705-5711 (1990); Patanjali et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. U.S.A., 88:1943-1947 (1991); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,482,685, 5,482,845, and 5,637,685. In an exemplary method described by Soares et al., normalization resulted in reduction of the abundance of clones from a range of four orders of magnitude to a narrow range of only 1 order of magnitude. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91:9228-9232 (1994).

[0124] Subtracted cDNA libraries are another means to increase the proportion of less abundant cDNA species. In this procedure, cDNA prepared from one pool of mRNA is depleted of sequences present in a second pool of mRNA by hybridization. The cDNA:mRNA hybrids are removed and the remaining un-hybridized cDNA pool is enriched for sequences unique to that pool. See, Foote et al. in, Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, Clark, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1997); Kho and Zarbl, Technique, 3(2):58-63 (1991); Sive and St. John, Nucl. Acids Res., 16(22):10937 (1988); Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995); and, Swaroop et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 19)8):1954 (1991). cDNA subtraction kits are commercially available. See, e.g., PCR-Select (Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.).

[0125] To construct genomic libraries, large segments of genomic DNA are generated by fragmentation, e.g. using restriction endonucleases, and are ligated with vector DNA to form concatemers that can be packaged into the appropriate vector. Methodologies to accomplish these ends, and sequencing methods to verify the sequence of nucleic acids are well known in the art. Examples of appropriate molecular biological techniques and instructions sufficient to direct persons of skill through many construction, cloning, and screening methodologies are found in Sambrook, et al., Molecular Clonin ^(g) : A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Vols. 1-3 (1989), Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 152: Guide to Molecular Cloning Techniques, Berger and Kimmel, Eds., San Diego: Academic Press, Inc. (1987), Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Ausubel, et al., Eds., Greene Publishing and Wiley-Interscience, New York (1995); Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, Clark, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1997). Kits for construction of genomic libraries are also commercially available.

[0126] The cDNA or genomic library can be screened using a probe based upon the sequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention such as those disclosed herein. Probes may be used to hybridize with genomic DNA or cDNA sequences to isolate homologous genes in the same or different plant species. Those of skill in the art will appreciate that various degrees of stringency of hybridization can be employed in the assay; and either the hybridization or the wash medium can be stringent.

[0127] The nucleic acids of interest can also be amplified from nucleic acid samples using amplification techniques. For instance, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology can be used to amplify the sequences of polynucleotides of the present invention and related genes directly from genomic DNA or cDNA libraries. PCR and other in vitro amplification methods may also be useful, for example, to clone nucleic acid sequences that code for proteins to be expressed, to make nucleic acids to use as probes for detecting the presence of the desired mRNA in samples, for nucleic acid sequencing, or for other purposes. The T4 gene 32 protein (Boehringer Mannheim) can be used to improve yield of long PCR products.

[0128] PCR-based screening methods have been described. Wilfinger et al. describe a PCR-based method in which the longest cDNA is identified in the first step so that incomplete clones can be eliminated from study. BioTechniques, 22(3): 481-486 (1997). Such methods are particularly effective in combination with a full-length cDNA construction methodology, above.

[0129] B. Synthetic Methods for Constructing Nucleic Acids

[0130] The isolated nucleic acids of the present invention can also be prepared by direct chemical synthesis by methods such as the phosphotriester method of Narang et al., Meth. Enzymol. 68: 90-99 (1979); the phosphodiester method of Brown et al., Meth. Enzymol. 68: 109-151 (1979); the diethylphosphoramidite method of Beaucage et al., Tetra. Lett. 22: 1859-1862 (1981); the solid phase phosphoramidite triester method described by Beaucage and Caruthers, Tetra. Letts. 22(20): 1859-1862 (1981), e.g., using an automated synthesizer, e.g., as described in Needham-VanDevanter et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 12: 6159-6168 (1984); and, the solid support method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,066. Chemical synthesis generally produces a single stranded oligonucleotide. This may be converted into double stranded DNA by hybridization with a complementary sequence, or by polymerization with a DNA polymerase using the single strand as a template. One of skill will recognize that while chemical synthesis of DNA is best employed for sequences of about 100 bases or less, longer sequences may be obtained by the ligation of shorter sequences.

Recombinant Expression Cassettes

[0131] The present invention further provides recombinant expression cassettes comprising a nucleic acid of the present invention. A nucleic acid sequence coding for the desired polypeptide of the present invention, for example a cDNA or a genomic sequence encoding a full length polypeptide of the present invention, can be used to construct a recombinant expression cassette which can be introduced into the desired host cell. A recombinant expression cassette will typically comprise a polynucleotide of the present invention operably linked to transcriptional initiation regulatory sequences which will direct the transcription of the polynucleotide in the intended host cell, such as tissues of a transformed plant.

[0132] For example, plant expression vectors may include (1) a cloned plant gene under the transcriptional control of 5′ and 3′ regulatory sequences and (2) a dominant selectable marker. Such plant expression vectors may also contain, if desired, a promoter regulatory region (e.g., one conferring inducible or constitutive, environmentally- or developmentally-regulated, or cell- or tissue-specific/selective expression), a transcription initiation start site, a ribosome binding site, an RNA processing signal, a transcription termination site, and/or a polyadenylation signal.

[0133] A plant promoter fragment can be employed which will direct expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention in all tissues of a regenerated plant. Such promoters are referred to herein as “constitutive” promoters and are active under most environmental conditions and states of development or cell differentiation. Examples of constitutive promoters include the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S transcription initiation region, the 1′- or 2′-promoter derived from T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, the ubiquitin 1 promoter, the Smas promoter, the cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,683,439), the Nos promoter, the pEmu promoter, the rubisco promoter, and the GRP1-8 promoter.

[0134] Alternatively, the plant promoter can direct expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention in a specific tissue or may be otherwise under more precise environmental or developmental control. Such promoters are referred to here as “inducible” promoters. Environmental conditions that may effect transcription by inducible promoters include pathogen attack, anaerobic conditions, or the presence of light. Examples of inducible promoters are the Adh1 promoter which is inducible by hypoxia or cold stress, the Hsp70 promoter which is inducible by heat stress, and the PPDK promoter which is inducible by light.

[0135] Examples of promoters under developmental control include promoters that initiate transcription only, or preferentially, in certain tissues, such as leaves, roots, fruit, seeds, or flowers. Exemplary promoters include the anther-specific promoter 5126 (U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,689,049 and 5,689,051), glb-1 promoter, and gamma-zein promoter. Also see, for example, U.S. patent applications 60/155,859, and 60/163,114. The operation of a promoter may also vary depending on its location in the genome. Thus, an inducible promoter may become fully or partially constitutive in certain locations.

[0136] Both heterologous and non-heterologous (i.e., endogenous) promoters can be employed to direct expression of the nucleic acids of the present invention. These promoters can also be used, for example, in recombinant expression cassettes to drive expression of antisense nucleic acids to reduce, increase, or alter concentration and/or composition of the proteins of the present invention in a desired tissue. Thus, in some embodiments, the nucleic acid construct will comprise a promoter, functional in a plant cell, operably linked to a polynucleotide of the present invention. Promoters useful in these embodiments include the endogenous promoters driving expression of a polypeptide of the present invention.

[0137] In some embodiments, isolated nucleic acids which serve as promoter or enhancer elements can be introduced in the appropriate position (generally upstream) of a non-heterologous form of a polynucleotide of the present invention so as to up or down regulate expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention. For example, endogenous promoters can be altered in vivo by mutation, deletion, and/or substitution (see, Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; Zarling et al., PCT/US93/03868), or isolated promoters can be introduced into a plant cell in the proper orientation and distance from a cognate gene of a polynucleotide of the present invention so as to control the expression of the gene. Gene expression can be modulated under conditions suitable for plant growth so as to alter the total concentration and/or alter the composition of the polypeptides of the present invention in plant cell. Thus, the present invention provides compositions, and methods for making, heterologous promoters and/or enhancers operably linked to a native, endogenous (i.e., non-heterologous) form of a polynucleotide of the present invention.

[0138] If polypeptide expression is desired, it is generally desirable to include a polyadenylation region at the 3′-end of a polynucleotide coding region. The polyadenylation region can be derived from the natural gene, from a variety of other plant genes, or from T-DNA. The 3′ end sequence to be added can be derived from, for example, the nopaline synthase or octopine synthase genes, or alternatively from another plant gene, or less preferably from any other eukaryotic gene.

[0139] An intron sequence can be added to the 5′ untranslated region or the coding sequence of the partial coding sequence to increase the amount of the mature message that accumulates in the cytosol. Inclusionon of a spliceable intron in the transcription unit in both plant and animal expression constructs has been shown to increase gene expression at both the mRNA and protein levels up to 1000-fold. Buchman and Berg, Mol. Cell Biol. 8:4395-4405 (1988); Callis et al., Genes Dev. 1:11831200 (1987). Such intron enhancement of gene expression is typically greatest when placed near the 5′ end of the transcription unit. Use of maize introns Adh1-S intron 1, 2, and 6, the Bronze-1 intron are known in the art. See generally, The Maize Handbook, Chapter 116, Freeling and Walbot, Eds., Springer, N.Y. (1994). The vector comprising the sequences from a polynucleotide of the present invention will typically comprise a marker gene which confers a selectable phenotype on plant cells. Typical vectors useful for expression of genes in higher plants are well known in the art and include vectors derived from the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens described by Rogers et al., Meth. in Enzymol., 153:253-277 (1987).

[0140] A polynucleotide of the present invention can be expressed in either sense or anti-sense orientation as desired. It will be appreciated that control of gene expression in either sense or anti-sense orientation can have a direct impact on the observable plant characteristics. Antisense technology can be conveniently used to inhibit gene expression in plants. To accomplish this, a nucleic acid segment from the desired gene is cloned and operably linked to a promoter such that the anti-sense strand of RNA will be transcribed. The construct is then transformed into plants and the antisense strand of RNA is produced. In plant cells, it has been shown that antisense RNA inhibits gene expression by preventing the accumulation of mRNA which encodes the enzyme of interest, see, e.g., Sheehy et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. (USA) 85: 8805-8809 (1988); and Hiatt et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,801,340.

[0141] Another method of suppression is sense suppression (i.e., co-supression). Introduction of nucleic acid configured in the sense orientation has been shown to be an effective means by which to block the transcription of target genes. For an example of the use of this method to modulate expression of endogenous genes see, Napoli et al., The Plant Cell 2: 279-289 (1990) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,034,323.

[0142] Catalytic RNA molecules or ribozymes can also be used to inhibit expression of plant genes. It is possible to design ribozymes that specifically pair with virtually any target RNA and cleave the phosphodiester backbone at a specific location, thereby functionally inactivating the target RNA. In carrying out this cleavage, the ribozyme is not itself altered, and is thus capable of recycling and cleaving other molecules, making it a true enzyme. The inclusion of ribozyme sequences within antisense RNAs confers RNA-cleaving activity upon them, thereby increasing the activity of the constructs. The design and use of target RNA-specific ribozymes is described in Haseloff et al., Nature 334: 585-591 (1988).

[0143] A variety of cross-linking agents, alkylating agents and radical generating species as pendant groups on polynucleotides of the present invention can be used to bind, label, detect, and/or cleave nucleic acids. For example, Vlassov, V. V., et al., Nucleic Acids Res (1986) 14:4065-4076, describe covalent bonding of a single-stranded DNA fragment with alkylating derivatives of nucleotides complementary to target sequences. A report of similar work by the same group is that by Knorre, D. G., et al., Biochimie (1985) 67:785-789. Iverson and Dervan also showed sequence-specific cleavage of single-stranded DNA mediated by incorporation of a modified nucleotide which was capable of activating cleavage (J Am Chem Soc (1987) 109:1241-1243). Meyer, R. B., et al., J Am Chem Soc (1989) 111:8517-8519, effect covalent crosslinking to a target nucleotide using an alkylating agent complementary to the single-stranded target nucleotide sequence. A photoactivated crosslinking to single-stranded oligonucleotides mediated by psoralen was disclosed by Lee, B. L., et al., Biochemistry (1988) 27:3197-3203. Use of crosslinking in triple-helix forming probes was also disclosed by Home, et al., J Am Chem Soc (1990) 112:2435-2437. Use of N4, N4-ethanocytosine as an alkylating agent to crosslink to single-stranded oligonucleotides has also been described by Webb and Matteucci, J Am Chem Soc (1986) 108:2764-2765; Nucleic Acids Res (1986) 14:7661-7674; Feteritz et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113:4000 (1991). Various compounds to bind, detect, label, and/or cleave nucleic acids are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,543,507; 5,672,593; 5,484,908; 5,256,648; and, 5,681941.

Proteins

[0144] The isolated proteins of the present invention comprise a polypeptide having at least 10 amino acids from a polypeptide of the present invention (or conservative variants thereof) such as those encoded by any one of the polynucleotides of the present invention as discussed more fully above (e.g., Table 1). The proteins of the present invention or variants thereof can comprise any number of contiguous amino acid residues from a polypeptide of the present invention, wherein that number is selected from the group of integers consisting of from 10 to the number of residues in a full-length polypeptide of the present invention. Optionally, this subsequence of contiguous amino acids is at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, or 40 amino acids in length, often at least 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90 amino acids in length. Further, the number of such subsequences can be any integer selected from the group consisting of from 1 to 20, such as 2, 3, 4, or 5.

[0145] The present invention further provides a protein comprising a polypeptide having a specified sequence identity/similarity with a polypeptide of the present invention. The percentage of sequence identity/similarity is an integer selected from the group consisting of from 50 to 99. Exemplary sequence identity/similarity values include 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, and 95%. Sequence identity can be determined using, for example, the GAP, CLUSTALW, or BLAST algorithms.

[0146] As those of skill will appreciate, the present invention includes, but is not limited to, catalytically active polypeptides of the present invention (i.e., enzymes). Catalytically active polypeptides have a specific activity of at least 20%, 30%, or 40%, and preferably at least 50%, 60%, or 70%, and most preferably at least 80%, 90%, or 95% that of the native (non-synthetic), endogenous polypeptide. Further, the substrate specificity (k_(cat)/K_(m)) is optionally substantially similar to the native (non-synthetic), endogenous polypeptide. Typically, the K_(m) will be at least 30%, 40%, or 50%, that of the native (non-synthetic), endogenous polypeptide; and more preferably at least 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90%. Methods of assaying and quantifying measures of enzymatic activity and substrate specificity (k_(cat)/K_(m)), are well known to those of skill in the art.

[0147] Generally, the proteins of the present invention will, when presented as an immunogen, elicit production of an antibody specifically reactive to a polypeptide of the present invention. Further, the proteins of the present invention will not bind to antisera raised against a polypeptide of the present invention which has been fully immunosorbed with the same polypeptide. Immunoassays for determining binding are well known to those of skill in the art. A preferred immunoassay is a competitive immunoassay. Thus, the proteins of the present invention can be employed as immunogens for constructing antibodies immunoreactive to a protein of the present invention for such exemplary utilities as immunoassays or protein purification techniques.

Expression of Proteins in Host Cells

[0148] Using the nucleic acids of the present invention, one may express a protein of the present invention in a recombinantly engineered cell such as bacteria, yeast, insect, mammalian, or preferably plant cells. The cells produce the protein in a non-natural condition (e.g., in quantity, composition, location, and/or time), because they have been genetically altered through human intervention to do so.

[0149] It is expected that those of skill in the art are knowledgeable in the numerous expression systems available for expression of a nucleic acid encoding a protein of the present invention. No attempt to describe in detail the various methods known for the expression of proteins in prokaryotes or eukaryotes will be made.

[0150] In brief summary, the expression of isolated nucleic acids encoding a protein of the present invention will typically be achieved by operably linking, for example, the DNA or cDNA to a promoter (which is either constitutive or regulatable), followed by incorporation into an expression vector. The vectors can be suitable for replication and integration in either prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Typical expression vectors contain transcription and translation terminators, initiation sequences, and promoters useful for regulation of the expression of the DNA encoding a protein of the present invention. To obtain high level expression of a cloned gene, it is desirable to construct expression vectors which contain, at the minimum, a strong promoter to direct transcription, a ribosome binding site for translational initiation, and a transcription/translation terminator. One of skill would recognize that modifications can be made to a protein of the present invention without diminishing its biological activity. Some modifications may be made to facilitate the cloning, expression, or incorporation of the targeting molecule into a fusion protein. Such modifications are well known to those of skill in the art and include, for example, a methionine added at the amino terminus to provide an initiation site, or additional amino acids (e.g., poly His) placed on either terminus to create conveniently located purification sequences. Restriction sites or termination codons can also be introduced.

Synthesis of Proteins

[0151] The proteins of the present invention can be constructed using non-cellular synthetic methods. Solid phase synthesis of proteins of less than about 50 amino acids in length may be accomplished by attaching the C-terminal amino acid of the sequence to an insoluble support followed by sequential addition of the remaining amino acids in the sequence. Techniques for solid phase synthesis are described by Barany and Merrifield, Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis, pp. 3-284 in The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology. Vol. 2: Special Methods in Peptide Synthesis, Part A.; Merrifield, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85: 2149-2156 (1963), and Stewart et al., Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis, 2nd ed., Pierce Chem. Co., Rockford, III. (1984). Proteins of greater length may be synthesized by condensation of the amino and carboxy termini of shorter fragments. Methods of forming peptide bonds by activation of a carboxy terminal end (e.g., by the use of the coupling reagent N,N′-dicycylohexylcarbodiimide) are known to those of skill.

Purification of Proteins

[0152] The proteins of the present invention may be purified by standard techniques well known to those of skill in the art. Recombinantly produced proteins of the present invention can be directly expressed or expressed as a fusion protein. The recombinant protein is purified by a combination of cell lysis (e.g., sonication, French press) and affinity chromatography. For fusion products, subsequent digestion of the fusion protein with an appropriate proteolytic enzyme releases the desired recombinant protein.

[0153] The proteins of this invention, recombinant or synthetic, may be purified to substantial purity by standard techniques well known in the art, including detergent solubilization, selective precipitation with such substances as ammonium sulfate, column chromatography, immunopurification methods, and others. See, for instance, R. Scopes, Protein Purification: Principles and Practice, Springer-Verlag: N.Y. (1982); Deutscher, Guide to Protein Purification, Academic Press (1990). For example, antibodies may be raised to the proteins as described herein. Purification from E. coli can be achieved following procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,511,503. The protein may then be isolated from cells expressing the protein and further purified by standard protein chemistry techniques as described herein. Detection of the expressed protein is achieved by methods known in the art and include, for example, radioimmunoassays, Western blotting techniques or immunoprecipitation.

Introduction of Nucleic Acids into Host Cells

[0154] The method of introducing a nucleic acid of the present invention into a host cell is not critical to the instant invention. Transformation or transfection methods are conveniently used. Accordingly, a wide variety of methods have been developed to insert a DNA sequence into the genome of a host cell to obtain the transcription and/or translation of the sequence to effect phenotypic changes in the organism. Thus, any method which provides for effective introduction of a nucleic acid may be employed.

[0155] A. Plant Transformation

[0156] A nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention is optionally introduced into a plant. Generally, the polynucleotide will first be incorporated into a recombinant expression cassette or vector. Isolated nucleic acid acids of the present invention can be introduced into plants according to techniques known in the art. Techniques for transforming a wide variety of higher plant species are well known and described in the technical, scientific, and patent literature. See, for example, Weising et al., Ann. Rev. Genet. 22: 421-477 (1988). For example, the DNA construct may be introduced directly into the genomic DNA of the plant cell using techniques such as electroporation, polyethylene glycol (PEG) poration, particle bombardment, silicon fiber delivery, or microinjection of plant cell protoplasts or embryogenic callus. See, e.g., Tomes, et al., Direct DNA Transfer into Intact Plant Cells Via Microprojectile Bombardment. pp.197-213 in Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, Fundamental Methods. eds. O. L. Gamborg and G. C. Phillips. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg N.Y., 1995; see, U.S. Pat. No. 5,990,387. The introduction of DNA constructs using PEG precipitation is described in Paszkowski et al., Embo J. 3: 2717-2722 (1984). Electroporation techniques are described in Fromm et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 82: 5824 (1985). Ballistic transformation techniques are described in Klein et al., Nature 327: 70-73 (1987).

[0157]Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation techniques are well described in the scientific literature. See, for example Horsch et al., Science 233: 496-498 (1984); Fraley et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 80: 4803 (1983); and, Plant Molecular Biology: A Laboratory Manual, Chapter 8, Clark, Ed., Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1997). The DNA constructs may be combined with suitable T-DNA flanking regions and introduced into a conventional Agrobacterium tumefaciens host vector. The virulence functions of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens host will direct the insertion of the construct and adjacent marker into the plant cell DNA when the cell is infected by the bacteria. See, U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,616. Although Agrobacterium is useful primarily in dicots, certain monocots can be transformed by Agrobacterium. For instance, Agrobacterium transformation of maize is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,318.

[0158] Other methods of transfection or transformation include (1) Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation (see, e.g., Lichtenstein and Fuller In: Genetic Engineering, vol. 6, PWJ Rigby, Ed., London, Academic Press, 1987; and Lichtenstein, C. P., and Draper, J,. In: DNA Cloning, Vol. II, D. M. Glover, Ed., Oxford, IRI Press, 1985), Application PCT/US87/02512 (WO 88/02405 published Apr. 7, 1988) describes the use of A. rhizogenes strain A4 and its Ri plasmid along with A. tumefaciens vectors pARC8 or pARC16 (2) liposome-mediated DNA uptake (see, e.g., Freeman et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 25: 1353 (1984)), (3) the vortexing method (see, e.g., Kindle, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., (USA) 87: 1228 (1990).

[0159] DNA can also be introduced into plants by direct DNA transfer into pollen as described by Zhou et al., Methods in Enzymology, 101:433 (1983); D. Hess, Intern Rev. Cytol., 107:367 (1987); Luo et al., Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter, 6:165 (1988). Expression of polypeptide coding genes can be obtained by injection of the DNA into reproductive organs of a plant as described by Pena et al., Nature, 325.:274 (1987). DNA can also be injected directly into the cells of immature embryos and the rehydration of desiccated embryos as described by Neuhaus et al., Theor. Appl. Genet., 75:30 (1987); and Benbrook et al., in Proceedings Bio Expo 1986, Butterworth, Stoneham, Mass., pp. 27-54 (1986). A variety of plant viruses that can be employed as vectors are known in the art and include cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV), geminivirus, brome mosaic virus, and tobacco mosaic virus.

[0160] B. Transfection of Prokaryotes, Lower Eukaryotes, and Animal Cells

[0161] Animal and lower eukaryotic (e.g., yeast) host cells are competent or rendered competent for transfection by various means. There are several well-known methods of introducing DNA into animal cells. These include: calcium phosphate precipitation, fusion of the recipient cells with bacterial protoplasts containing the DNA, treatment of the recipient cells with liposomes containing the DNA, DEAE dextran, electroporation, biolistics, and micro-injection of the DNA directly into the cells. The transfected cells are cultured by means well known in the art. Kuchler, R. J., Biochemical Methods in Cell Culture and Virology, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. (1977).

Transgenic Plant Regeneration

[0162] Plant cells which directly result or are derived from the nucleic acid introduction techniques can be cultured to regenerate a whole plant which possesses the introduced genotype. Such regeneration techniques often rely on manipulation of certain phytohormones in a tissue culture growth medium. Plants cells can be regenerated, e.g., from single cells, callus tissue or leaf discs according to standard plant tissue culture techniques. It is well known in the art that various cells, tissues, and organs from almost any plant can be successfully cultured to regenerate an entire plant. Plant regeneration from cultured protoplasts is described in Evans et al., Protoplasts Isolation and Culture, Handbook of Plant Cell Culture, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, pp. 124-176 (1983); and Binding, Regeneration of Plants, Plant Protoplasts, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 21-73 (1985).

[0163] The regeneration of plants from either single plant protoplasts or various explants is well known in the art. See, for example, Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, A. Weissbach and H. Weissbach, eds., Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif. (1988). This regeneration and growth process includes the steps of selection of transformant cells and shoots, rooting the transformant shoots and growth of the plantlets in soil. For maize cell culture and regeneration see generally, The Maize Handbook, Freeling and Walbot, Eds., Springer, N.Y. (1994); Corn and Corn Improvement, 3^(rd) edition, Sprague and Dudley Eds., American Society of Agronomy, Madison, Wisconsin (1988). For transformation and regeneration of maize see, Gordon-Kamm et al., The Plant Cell, 2:603-618 (1990).

[0164] The regeneration of plants containing the polynucleotide of the present invention and introduced by Agrobacterium from leaf explants can be achieved as described by Horsch etal., Science, 227:1229-1231 (1985). In this procedure, transformants are grown in the presence of a selection agent and in a medium that induces the regeneration of shoots in the plant species being transformed as described by Fraley et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.), 80:4803 (1983). This procedure typically produces shoots within two to four weeks and these transformant shoots are then transferred to an appropriate root-inducing medium containing the selective agent and an antibiotic to prevent bacterial growth. Transgenic plants of the present invention may be fertile or sterile.

[0165] One of skill will recognize that after the recombinant expression cassette is stably incorporated in transgenic plants and confirmed to be operable, it can be introduced into other plants by sexual crossing. Any of a number of standard breeding techniques can be used, depending upon the species to be crossed. In vegetatively propagated crops, mature transgenic plants can be propagated by the taking of cuttings or by tissue culture techniques to produce multiple identical plants. Selection of desirable transgenics is made and new varieties are obtained and propagated vegetatively for commercial use. In seed propagated crops, mature transgenic plants can be self-crossed to produce a homozygous inbred plant. The inbred plant produces seed containing the newly introduced heterologous nucleic acid. These seeds can be grown to produce plants that would produce the selected phenotype. Parts obtained from the regenerated plant, such as flowers, seeds, leaves, branches, fruit, and the like are included in the invention, provided that these parts comprise cells comprising the isolated nucleic acid of the present invention. Progeny and variants, and mutants of the regenerated plants are also included within the scope of the invention, provided that these parts comprise the introduced nucleic acid sequences.

[0166] Transgenic plants expressing a polynucleotide of the present invention can be screened for transmission of the nucleic acid of the present invention by, for example, standard immunoblot and DNA detection techniques. Expression at the RNA level can be determined initially to identify and quantitate expression-positive plants. Standard techniques for RNA analysis can be employed and include PCR amplification assays using oligonucleotide primers designed to amplify only the heterologous RNA templates and solution hybridization assays using heterologous nucleic acid-specific probes. The RNA-positive plants can then analyzed for protein expression by Western immunoblot analysis using the specifically reactive antibodies of the present invention. In addition, in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry according to standard protocols can be done using heterologous nucleic acid specific polynucleotide probes and antibodies, respectively, to localize sites of expression within transgenic tissue. Generally, a number of transgenic lines are usually screened for the incorporated nucleic acid to identify and select plants with the most appropriate expression profiles.

[0167] A preferred embodiment is a transgenic plant that is homozygous for the added heterologous nucleic acid; i.e., a transgenic plant that contains two added nucleic acid sequences, one gene at the same locus on each chromosome of a chromosome pair. A homozygous transgenic plant can be obtained by sexually mating (selfing) a heterozygous transgenic plant that contains a single added heterologous nucleic acid, germinating some of the seed produced and analyzing the resulting plants produced for altered expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention relative to a control plant (i.e., native, non-transgenic). Back-crossing to a parental plant and out-crossing with a non-transgenic plant are also contemplated.

Modulating Polypeptide Levels and/or Composition

[0168] The present invention further provides a method for modulating (i.e., increasing or decreasing) the concentration or ratio of the polypeptides of the present invention in a plant or part thereof. Modulation can be effected by increasing or decreasing the concentration and/or the ratio of the polypeptides of the present invention in a plant. The method comprises introducing into a plant cell a recombinant expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention as described above to obtain a transgenic plant cell, culturing the transgenic plant cell under transgenic plant cell growing conditions, and inducing or repressing expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention in the transgenic plant for a time sufficient to modulate concentration and/or the ratios of the polypeptides in the transgenic plant or plant part.

[0169] In some embodiments, the concentration and/or ratios of polypeptides of the present invention in a plant may be modulated by altering, in vivo or in vitro, the promoter of a gene to up- or down-regulate gene expression. In some embodiments, the coding regions of native genes of the present invention can be altered via substitution, addition, insertion, or deletion to decrease activity of the encoded enzyme. (See, e.g., Kmiec, U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,350; Zarling et al., PCT/US93/03868.) And in some embodiments, an isolated nucleic acid (e.g., a vector) comprising a promoter sequence is transfected into a plant cell. Subsequently, a plant cell comprising the promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide of the present invention is selected for by means known to those of skill in the art such as, but not limited to, Southern blot, DNA sequencing, or PCR analysis using primers specific to the promoter and to the gene and detecting amplicons produced therefrom. A plant or plant part altered or modified by the foregoing embodiments is grown under plant forming conditions for a time sufficient to modulate the concentration and/or ratios of polypeptides of the present invention in the plant. Plant forming conditions are well known in the art and discussed briefly, supra.

[0170] In general, concentration or the ratios of the polypeptides is increased or decreased by at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% relative to a native control plant, plant part, or cell lacking the aforementioned recombinant expression cassette. Modulation in the present invention may occur during and/or subsequent to growth of the plant to the desired stage of development. Modulating nucleic acid expression temporally and/or in particular tissues can be controlled by employing the appropriate promoter operably linked to a polynucleotide of the present invention in, for example, sense or antisense orientation as discussed in greater detail, supra. Induction of expression of a polynucleotide of the present invention can also be controlled by exogenous administration of an effective amount of inducing compound. Inducible promoters and inducing compounds which activate expression from these promoters are well known in the art. In preferred embodiments, the polypeptides of the present invention are modulated in monocots, particularly maize.

UTRs and Codon Preference

[0171] In general, translational efficiency has been found to be regulated by specific sequence elements in the 5′ non-coding or untranslated region (5′ UTR) of the RNA. Positive sequence motifs include translational initiation consensus sequences (Kozak, Nucleic Acids Res. 15:8125 (1987)) and the 7-methylguanosine cap structure (Drummond et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 13:7375 (1985)). Negative elements include stable intramolecular 5′ UTR stem-loop structures (Muesing et al., Cell 48:691 (1987)) and AUG sequences or short open reading frames preceded by an appropriate AUG in the 5′ UTR (Kozak, supra, Rao et al., Mol. and Cell. Biol. 8:284 (1988)). Accordingly, the present invention provides 5′ and/or 3′ untranslated regions for modulation of translation of heterologous coding sequences.

[0172] Further, the polypeptide-encoding segments of the polynucleotides of the present invention can be modified to alter codon usage. Altered codon usage can be employed to alter translational efficiency and/or to optimize the coding sequence for expression in a desired host such as to optimize the codon usage in a heterologous sequence for expression in maize. Codon usage in the coding regions of the polynucleotides of the present invention can be analyzed statistically using commercially available software packages such as “Codon Preference” available from the University of Wisconsin Genetics Computer Group (see Devereaux et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 387-395 (1984)) or MacVector 4.1 (Eastman Kodak Co., New Haven, Conn.). Thus, the present invention provides a codon usage frequency characteristic of the coding region of at least one of the polynucleotides of the present invention. The number of polynucleotides that can be used to determine a codon usage frequency can be any integer from 1 to the number of polynucleotides of the present invention as provided herein. Optionally, the polynucleotides will be full-length sequences. An exemplary number of sequences for statistical analysis can be at least 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100.

Sequence Shuffling

[0173] The present invention provides methods for sequence shuffling using polynucleotides of the present invention, and compositions resulting therefrom. Sequence shuffling is described in PCT publication No. WO 97/20078. See also, Zhang, J.-H., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4504-4509 (1997). Generally, sequence shuffling provides a means for generating libraries of polynucleotides having a desired characteristic which can be selected or screened for. Libraries of recombinant polynucleotides are generated from a population of related sequence polynucleotides which comprise sequence regions which have substantial sequence identity and can be homologously recombined in vitro or in vivo. The population of sequence-recombined polynucleotides comprises a subpopulation of polynucleotides which possess desired or advantageous characteristics and which can be selected by a suitable selection or screening method. The characteristics can be any property or attribute capable of being selected for or detected in a screening system, and may include properties of: an encoded protein, a transcriptional element, a sequence controlling transcription, RNA processing, RNA stability, chromatin conformation, translation, or other expression property of a gene or transgene, a replicative element, a protein-binding element, or the like, such as any feature which confers a selectable or detectable property. In some embodiments, the selected characteristic will be a decreased K_(m) and/or increased K_(cat) over the wild-type protein as provided herein. In other embodiments, a protein or polynucleotide generated from sequence shuffling will have a ligand binding affinity greater than the non-shuffled wild-type polynucleotide. The increase in such properties can be at least 110%, 120%, 130%, 140% or at least 150% of the wild-type value.

Generic and Consensus Sequences

[0174] Polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention further include those having: (a) a generic sequence of at least two homologous polynucleotides or polypeptides, respectively, of the present invention; and, (b) a consensus sequence of at least three homologous polynucleotides or polypeptides, respectively, of the present invention. The generic sequence of the present invention comprises each species of polypeptide or polynucleotide embraced by the generic polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence, respectively. The individual species encompassed by a polynucleotide having an amino acid or nucleic acid consensus sequence can be used to generate antibodies or produce nucleic acid probes or primers to screen for homologs in other species, genera, families, orders, classes, phyla, or kingdoms. For example, a polynucleotide having a consensus sequence from a gene family of Zea mays can be used to generate antibody or nucleic acid probes or primers to other Gramineae species such as wheat, rice, or sorghum. Alternatively, a polynucleotide having a consensus sequence generated from orthologous genes can be used to identify or isolate orthologs of other taxa. Typically, a polynucleotide having a consensus sequence will be at least 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, or 40 amino acids in length, or 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or 150 nucleotides in length. As those of skill in the art are aware, a conservative amino acid substitution can be used for amino acids which differ amongst aligned sequence but are from the same conservative substitution group as discussed above. Optionally, no more than 1 or 2 conservative amino acids are substituted for each 10 amino acid length of consensus sequence.

[0175] Similar sequences used for generation of a consensus or generic sequence include any number and combination of allelic variants of the same gene, orthologous, or paralogous sequences as provided herein. Optionally, similar sequences used in generating a consensus or generic sequence are identified using the BLAST algorithm's smallest sum probability (P(N)). Various suppliers of sequence-analysis software are listed in chapter 7 of Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, F. M. Ausubel et al., Eds., Current Protocols, a joint venture between Greene Publishing Associates, Inc. and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Supplement 30). A polynucleotide sequence is considered similar to a reference sequence if the smallest sum probability in a comparison of the test nucleic acid to the reference nucleic acid is less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, or 0.001, and most preferably less than about 0.0001, or 0.00001. Similar polynucleotides can be aligned and a consensus or generic sequence generated using multiple sequence alignment software available from a number of commercial suppliers such as the Genetics Computer Group's (Madison, Wis.) PILEUP software, Vector NTI's (North Bethesda, Md.) ALIGNX, or Genecode's (Ann Arbor, Mich.) SEQUENCHER. Conveniently, default parameters of such software can be used to generate consensus or generic sequences.

Machine Applications

[0176] The present invention provides machines, data structures, and processes for modeling or analyzing the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention.

[0177] A. Machines: Data, Data Structures, Processes, and Functions

[0178] The present invention provides a machine having a memory comprising: 1) data representing a sequence of a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention, 2) a data structure which reflects the underlying organization and structure of the data and facilitates program access to data elements corresponding to logical sub-components of the sequence, 3) processes for effecting the use, analysis, or modeling of the sequence, and 4) optionally, a function or utility for the polynucleotide or polypeptide. Thus, the present invention provides a memory for storing data that can be accessed by a computer programmed to implement a process for effecting the use, analyses, or modeling of a sequence of a polynucleotide, with the memory comprising data representing the sequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention.

[0179] The machine of the present invention is typically a digital computer. The term “computer” includes one or several desktop or portable computers, computer workstations, servers (including intranet or internet servers), mainframes, and any integrated system comprising any of the above irrespective of whether the processing, memory, input, or output of the computer is remote or local, as well as any networking interconnecting the modules of the computer. The term “computer” is exclusive of computers of the United States Patent and Trademark Office or the European Patent Office when data representing the sequence of polypeptides or polynucleotides of the present invention is used for patentability searches.

[0180] The present invention contemplates providing as data a sequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention embodied in a computer readable medium. As those of skill in the art will be aware, the form of memory of a machine of the present invention, or the particular embodiment of the computer readable medium, are not critical elements of the invention and can take a variety of forms. The memory of such a machine includes, but is not limited to, ROM, or RAM, or computer readable media such as, but not limited to, magnetic media such as computer disks or hard drives, or media such as CD-ROMs, DVDs, and the like.

[0181] The present invention further contemplates providing a data structure that is also contained in memory. The data structure may be defined by the computer programs that define the processes (see below) or it may be defined by the programming of separate data storage and retrieval programs subroutines, or systems. Thus, the present invention provides a memory for storing a data structure that can be accessed by a computer programmed to implement a process for effecting the use, analysis, or modeling of a sequence of a polynucleotide. The memory comprises data representing a polynucleotide having the sequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention. The data is stored within memory. Further, a data structure, stored within memory, is associated with the data reflecting the underlying organization and structure of the data to facilitate program access to data elements corresponding to logical sub-components of the sequence. The data structure enables the polynucleotide to be identified and manipulated by such programs.

[0182] In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a data structure that contains data representing a sequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention stored within a computer readable medium. The data structure is organized to reflect the logical structuring of the sequence, so that the sequence is easily analyzed by software programs capable of accessing the data structure. In particular, the data structures of the present invention organize the reference sequences of the present invention in a manner which allows software tools to perform a wide variety of analyses using logical elements and sub-elements of each sequence.

[0183] An example of such a data structure resembles a layered hash table, where in one dimension the base content of the sequence is represented by a string of elements A, T, C, G and N. The direction from the 5′ end to the 3′ end is reflected by the order from the position 0 to the position of the length of the string minus one. Such a string, corresponding to a nucleotide sequence of interest, has a certain number of substrings, each of which is delimited by the string position of its 5′ end and the string position of its 3′ end within the parent string. In a second dimension, each substring is associated with or pointed to one or multiple attribute fields. Such attribute fields contain annotations to the region on the nucleotide sequence represented by the substring.

[0184] For example, a sequence under investigation is 520 bases long and represented by a string named SeqTarget. There is a minor groove in the 5′ upstream non-coding region from position 12 to 38, which is identified as a binding site for an enhancer protein HM-A, which in turn will increase the transcription of the gene represented by SeqTarget. Here, the substring is represented as (12, 38) and has the following attributes: [upstream uncoded], [minor groove], [HM-A binding] and [increase transcription upon binding by HM-A]. Similarly, other types of information can be stored and structured in this manner, such as information related to the whole sequence, e.g., whether the sequence is a full length viral gene, a mammalian house keeping gene or an EST from clone X, information related to the 3′ down stream non-coding region, e.g., hair pin structure, and information related to various domains of the coding region, e.g., Zinc finger.

[0185] This data structure is an open structure and is robust enough to accommodate newly generated data and acquired knowledge. Such a structure is also a flexible structure. It can be trimmed down to a 1-D string to facilitate data mining and analysis steps, such as clustering, repeat-masking, and HMM analysis. Meanwhile, such a data structure also can extend the associated attributes into multiple dimensions. Pointers can be established among the dimensioned attributes when needed to facilitate data management and processing in a comprehensive genomics knowledgebase. Furthermore, such a data structure is object-oriented. Polymorphism can be represented by a family or class of sequence objects, each of which has an internal structure as discussed above. The common traits are abstracted and assigned to the parent object, whereas each child object represents a specific variant of the family or class. Such a data structure allows data to be efficiently retrieved, updated and integrated by the software applications associated with the sequence database and/or knowledgebase.

[0186] The present invention contemplates providing processes for effecting analysis and modeling, which are described in the following section.

[0187] Optionally, the present invention further contemplates that the machine of the present invention will embody in some manner a utility or function for the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention. The function or utility of the polynucleotide or polypeptide can be a function or utility for the sequence data, per se, or of the tangible material. Exemplary function or utilities include the name (per International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology rules of nomenclature) or function of the enzyme or protein represented by the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention; the metabolic pathway of the protein represented by the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention; the substrate or product or structural role of the protein represented by the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention; or, the phenotype (e.g., an agronomic or pharmacological trait) affected by modulating expression or activity of the protein represented by the polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention.

[0188] B. Computer Analysis and Modeling

[0189] The present invention provides a process of modeling and analyzing data representative of a polynucleotide or polypeptide sequence of the present invention. The process comprises entering sequence data of a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention into a machine having a hardware or software sequence modeling and analysis system, developing data structures to facilitate access to the sequence data, manipulating the data to model or analyze the structure or activity of the polynucleotide or polypeptide, and displaying the results of the modeling or analysis. Thus, the present invention provides a process for effecting the use, analysis, or modeling of a polynucleotide sequence or its derived peptide sequence through use of a computer having a memory. The process comprises 1) placing into the memory data representing a polynucleotide having the sequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention, developing within the memory a data structure associated with the data and reflecting the underlying organization and structure of the data to facilitate program access to data elements corresponding to logical sub-components of the sequence, 2) programming the computer with a program containing instructions sufficient to implement the process for effecting the use, analysis, or modeling of the polynucleotide sequence or the peptide sequence, and, 3) executing the program on the computer while granting the program access to the data and to the data structure within the memory.

[0190] A variety of modeling and analytic tools are well known in the art and available commercially. Included amongst the modeling/analysis tools are methods to: 1) recognize overlapping sequences (e.g., from a sequencing project) with a polynucleotide of the present invention and create an alignment called a “contig”; 2) identify restriction enzyme sites of a polynucleotide of the present invention; 3) identify the products of a T1 ribonuclease digestion of a polynucleotide of the present invention; 4) identify PCR primers with minimal self-complementarity; 5) compute pairwise distances between sequences in an alignment, reconstruct phylogentic trees using distance methods, and calculate the degree of divergence of two protein coding regions; 6) identify patterns such as coding regions, terminators, repeats, and other consensus patterns in polynucleotides of the present invention; 7) identify RNA secondary structure; 8) identify sequence motifs, isoelectric point, secondary structure, hydrophobicity, and antigenicity in polypeptides of the present invention; 9) translate polynucleotides of the present invention and backtranslate polypeptides of the present invention; and 10) compare two protein or nucleic acid sequences and identifying points of similarity or dissimilarity between them.

[0191] The processes for effecting analysis and modeling can be produced independently or obtained from commercial suppliers. Exemplary analysis and modeling tools are provided in products such as InforMax's (Bethesda, Md.) Vector NTI Suite (Version 5.5), Intelligenetics' (Mountain View, Calif.) PC/Gene program, and Genetics Computer Group's (Madison, Wis.) Wisconsin Package (Version 10.0); these tools, and the functions they perform, (as provided and disclosed by the programs and accompanying literature) are incorporated herein by reference and are described in more detail in section C which follows.

[0192] Thus, in a further embodiment, the present invention provides a machine-readable media containing a computer program and data, comprising a program stored on the media containing instructions sufficient to implement a process for effecting the use, analysis, or modeling of a representation of a polynucleotide or peptide sequence. The data stored on the media represents a sequence of a polynucleotide having the sequence of a polynucleotide of the present invention. The media also includes a data structure reflecting the underlying organization and structure of the data to facilitate program access to data elements corresponding to logical sub-components of the sequence, the data structure being inherent in the program and in the way in which the program organizes and accesses the data.

[0193] C. Homology Searches

[0194] As an example of such a comparative analysis, the present invention provides a process of identifying a candidate homologue (i.e., an ortholog or paralog) of a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention. The process comprises entering sequence data of a polynucleotide or polypeptide of the present invention into a machine having a hardware or software sequence analysis system, developing data structures to facilitate access to the sequence data, manipulating the data to analyze the structure the polynucleotide or polypeptide, and displaying the results of the analysis. A candidate homologue has statistically significant probability of having the same biological function (e.g., catalyzes the same reaction, binds to homologous proteins/nucleic acids, has a similar structural role) as the reference sequence to which it is compared. Accordingly, the polynucleotides and polypeptides of the present invention have utility in identifying homologs in animals or other plant species, particularly those in the family Gramineae such as, but not limited to, sorghum, wheat, or rice.

[0195] The process of the present invention comprises obtaining data representing a polynucleotide or polypeptide test sequence. Test sequences can be obtained from a nucleic acid of an animal or plant. Test sequences can be obtained directly or indirectly from sequence databases including, but not limited to, those such as: GenBank, EMBL, GenSeq, SWISS-PROT, or those available on-line via the UK Human Genome Mapping Project (HGMP) GenomeWeb. In some embodiments the test sequence is obtained from a plant species other than maize whose function is uncertain but will be compared to the test sequence to determine sequence similarity or sequence identity. The test sequence data is entered into a machine, such as a computer, containing: i) data representing a reference sequence and, ii) a hardware or software sequence comparison system to compare the reference and test sequence for sequence similarity or identity.

[0196] Exemplary sequence comparison systems are provided for in sequence analysis software such as those provided by the Genetics Computer Group (Madison, Wis.) or InforMax (Bethesda, Md.), or Intelligenetics (Mountain View, Calif.). Optionally, sequence comparison is established using the BLAST or GAP suite of programs. Generally, a smallest sum probability value (P(N)) of less than 0.1, or alternatively, less than 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, or 0.00001 using the BLAST 2.0 suite of algorithms under default parameters identifies the test sequence as a candidate homologue (i.e., an allele, ortholog, or paralog) of the reference sequence. Those of skill in the art will recognize that a candidate homologue has an increased statistical probability of having the same or similar function as the gene/protein represented by the test sequence.

[0197] The reference sequence can be the sequence of a polypeptide or a polynucleotide of the present invention. The reference or test sequence is each optionally at least 25 amino acids or at least 100 nucleotides in length. The length of the reference or test sequences can be the length of the polynucleotide or polypeptide described, respectively, above in the sections entitled “Nucleic Acids” (particularly section (g)), and “Proteins”. As those of skill in the art are aware, the greater the sequence identity/similarity between a reference sequence of known function and a test sequence, the greater the probability that the test sequence will have the same or similar function as the reference sequence. The results of the comparison between the test and reference sequences are outputted (e.g., displayed, printed, recorded) via any one of a number of output devices and/or media (e.g., computer monitor, hard copy, or computer readable medium).

Detection of Nucleic Acids

[0198] The present invention further provides methods for detecting a polynucleotide of the present invention in a nucleic acid sample suspected of containing a polynucleotide of the present invention, such as a plant cell lysate, particularly a lysate of maize. In some embodiments, a cognate gene of a polynucleotide of the present invention or portion thereof can be amplified prior to the step of contacting the nucleic acid sample with a polynucleotide of the present invention. The nucleic acid sample is contacted with the polynucleotide to form a hybridization complex. The polynucleotide hybridizes under stringent conditions to a gene encoding a polypeptide of the present invention. Formation of the hybridization complex is used to detect a gene encoding a polypeptide of the present invention in the nucleic acid sample. Those of skill will appreciate that an isolated nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide of the present invention should lack cross-hybridizing sequences in common with non-target genes that would yield a false positive result. Detection of the hybridization complex can be achieved using any number of well known methods. For example, the nucleic acid sample, or a portion thereof, may be assayed by hybridization formats including but not limited to, solution phase, solid phase, mixed phase, or in situ hybridization assays.

[0199] Detectable labels suitable for use in the present invention include any composition detectable by spectroscopic, radioisotopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical, electrical, optical or chemical means. Useful labels in the present invention include biotin for staining with labeled streptavidin conjugate, magnetic beads, fluorescent dyes, radiolabels, enzymes, and calorimetric labels. Other labels include ligands which bind to antibodies labeled with fluorophores, chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes. Labeling the nucleic acids of the present invention is readily achieved such as by the use of labeled PCR primers.

[0200] Although the present invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims.

EXAMPLE 1

[0201] This example describes the construction of a cDNA library.

[0202] Total RNA can be isolated from maize tissues with TRIzol Reagent (Life Technology Inc. Gaithersburg, Md.) using a modification of the guanidine isothiocyanate/acid-phenol procedure described by Chomczynski and Sacchi (Chomczynski, P., and Sacchi, N. Anal. Biochem. 162, 156 (1987)). In brief, plant tissue samples is pulverized in liquid nitrogen before the addition of the TRIzol Reagent, and then further homogenized with a mortar and pestle. Addition of chloroform followed by centrifugation is conducted for separation of an aqueous phase and an organic phase. The total RNA is recovered by precipitation with isopropyl alcohol from the aqueous phase.

[0203] The selection of poly(A)+ RNA from total RNA can be performed using PolyATact system (Promega Corporation. Madison, Wis.). Biotinylated oligo(dT) primers are used to hybridize to the 3′ poly(A) tails on mRNA. The hybrids are captured using streptavidin coupled to paramagnetic particles and a magnetic separation stand. The mRNA is then washed at high stringency conditions and eluted by RNase-free deionized water.

[0204] cDNA synthesis and construction of unidirectional cDNA libraries can be accomplished using the SuperScript Plasmid System (Life Technology Inc. Gaithersburg, Md.). The first strand of cDNA is synthesized by priming an oligo(dT) primer containing a Not I site. The reaction is catalyzed by SuperScript Reverse Transcriptase II at 45° C. The second strand of cDNA is labeled with alpha-³²P-dCTP and a portion of the reaction analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis to determine cDNA sizes. cDNA molecules smaller than 500 base pairs and unligated adapters are removed by Sephacryl-S400 chromatography. The selected cDNA molecules are ligated into pSPORT1 vector in between of Not I and Sal I sites.

[0205] Alternatively, cDNA libraries can be prepared by any one of many methods available. For example, the cDNAs may be introduced into plasmid vectors by first preparing the cDNA libraries in Uni-ZAP™ XR vectors according to the manufacturer's protocol (Stratagene Cloning Systems, La Jolla, Calif.). The Uni-ZAP™ XR libraries are converted into plasmid libraries according to the protocol provided by Stratagene. Upon conversion, cDNA inserts will be contained in the plasmid vector pBluescript. In addition, the cDNAs may be introduced directly into precut Bluescript II SK(+) vectors (Stratagene) using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs), followed by transfection into DH10B cells according to the manufacturer's protocol (GIBCO BRL Products). Once the cDNA inserts are in plasmid vectors, plasmid DNAs are prepared from randomly picked bacterial colonies containing recombinant pBluescript plasmids, or the insert cDNA sequences are amplified via polymerase chain reaction using primers specific for vector sequences flanking the inserted cDNA sequences. Amplified insert DNAs or plasmid DNAs are sequenced in dye-primer sequencing reactions to generate partial cDNA sequences (expressed sequence tags or “ESTs”; see Adams et al., (1991) Science 252:1651-1656). The resulting ESTs are analyzed using a Perkin Elmer Model 377 fluorescent sequencer.

EXAMPLE 2

[0206] This method describes construction of a full-length enriched cDNA library.

[0207] An enriched full-length cDNA library can be constructed using one of two variations of the method of Carninci et al. Genomics 37: 327-336, 1996. These variations are based on chemical introduction of a biotin group into the diol residue of the 5′ cap structure of eukaryotic mRNA to select full-length first strand cDNA. The selection occurs by trapping the biotin residue at the cap sites using streptavidin-coated magnetic beads followed by RNase I treatment to eliminate incompletely synthesized cDNAs. Second strand cDNA is synthesized using established procedures such as those provided in Life Technologies' (Rockville, Md.) “SuperScript Plasmid System for cDNA Synthesis and Plasmid Cloning” kit. Libraries made by this method have been shown to contain 50% to 70% full-length cDNAs.

[0208] The first strand synthesis methods are detailed below. An asterisk denotes that the reagent was obtained from Life Technologies, Inc.

[0209] A. First Strand cDNA Synthesis Method 1 (with Trehalose) mRNA (10 ug)   25 μl *Not I primer (5 ug)   10 μl *5x 1^(st) strand buffer   43 μl *0.1 m DTT   20 μl *dNTP mix 10 mm   10 μl BSA 10 ug/μl   1 μl Trehalose (saturated) 59.2 μl RNase inhibitor (Promega)  1.8 μl *Superscript II RT 200 u/μl   20 μl 100% glycerol   18 μl Water   7 μl

[0210] The mRNA and Not I primer are mixed and denatured at 65° C. for 10 min. They are then chilled on ice and other components added to the tube. Incubation is at 45° C. for 2 min. Twenty microliters of RT (reverse transcriptase) is added to the reaction and start program on the thermocycler (MJ Research, Waltham, Mass.): Step 1 45° C. 10 min Step 2 45° C. −0.3° C./cycle, 2 seconds/cycle Step 3 go to 2 for 33 cycles Step 4 35° C. 5 min Step 5 45° C. 5 min Step 6 45° C. 0.2° C./cycle, 1 sec/cycle Step 7 go to 7 for 49 cycles Step 8 55° C. 0.1° C./cycle, 12 sec/cycle Step 9 go to 8 for 49 cycles Step 10 55° C. 2 min Step 11 60° C. 2 min Step 12 go to 11 for 9 times Step 13  4° C. forever Step 14 end

[0211] B. First Strand cDNA Synthesis Method 2 mRNA (10 μg) 25 μl water 30 μl *Not I adapter primer (5 μg) 10 μl 65° C. for 10 min, chill on ice, then add following reagents, *5x first buffer 20 μl *0.1 M DTT 10 μl *10 mM dNTP mix  5 μl

[0212] Incubate at 45° C. for 2 min, then add 10 μl of *Superscript II RT (200 u/μl), start the following program: Step 1 45° C. for 6 sec, −0.1° C./cycle Step 2 go to 1 for 99 additional cycles Step 3 35° C. for 5 min Step 4 45° C. for 60 min Step 5 50° C. for 10 min Step 6  4° C. forever Step 7 end

[0213] After the 1^(st) strand cDNA synthesis, the DNA is extracted by phenol according to standard procedures, and then precipitated in NaOAc and ethanol, and stored in −20° C.

[0214] C. Oxidization of the Diol Group of mRNA for Biotin Labeling

[0215] First strand cDNA is spun down and washed once with 70% EtOH. The pellet resuspended in 23.2 μl of DEPC treated water and put on ice. Prepare 100 mM of NalO4 freshly, and then add the following reagents: mRNA:1^(st) cDNA (start with 20 μg mRNA) 46.4 μl 100 mM NalO4 (freshly made)  2.5 μl NaOAc 3 M pH 4.5  1.1 μl

[0216] To make 100 mM NalO4, use 21.39 μg of NalO4 for 1 μl of water. Wrap the tube in a foil and incubate on ice for 45 min. After the incubation, the reaction is then precipitated in: 5 M NaCl  10 μl 20% SDS 0.5 μl isopropanol  61 μl

[0217] Incubate on ice for at least 30 min, then spin it down at max speed at 4° C. for 30 min and wash once with 70% ethanol and then 80% EtOH.

[0218] D. Biotinylation of the mRNA Diol Group

[0219] Resuspend the DNA in 110 μl DEPC treated water, then add the following reagents: 20% SDS  5 μl 2 M NaOAc pH 6.1  5 μl 10 mm biotin hydrazide (freshly made) 300 μl

[0220] Wrap in a foil and incubate at room temperature overnight.

[0221] E. RNase I Treatment

[0222] Precipitate DNA in: 5 M NaCl    10 μl 2 M NaOAc pH 6.1    75 μl biotinylated mRNA:cDNA   420 μl 100% EtOH (2.5 Vol) 1262.5 μl

[0223] (Perform this precipitation in two tubes and split the 420 μl of DNA into 210 μl each, add 5 μl of 5M NaCl, 37.5 μl of 2M NaOAc pH 6.1, and 631.25 μl of 100% EtOH). Store at −20° C. for at least 30 min. Spin the DNA down at 4° C. at maximal speed for 30 min. and wash with 80% EtOH twice, then dissolve DNA in 70 μl RNase free water. Pool two tubes and end up with 140 μl. Add the following reagents: RNase One 10 U/μl  40 μl 1^(st) cDNA:RNA 140 μl 10X buffer  20 μl

[0224] Incubate at 37° C. for 15 Min.

[0225] Add 5 μl of 40 μg/μl yeast tRNA to each sample for capturing.

[0226] F. Full length 1^(st) cDNA Capturing

[0227] Blocking the beads with yeast tRNA: Beads 1 ml Yeast tRNA 40 μg/μl 5 μl

[0228] Incubate on ice for 30 min with mixing, wash 3 times with 1 ml of 2M NaCl, 50 mmEDTA, pH 8.0.

[0229] Resuspend the beads in 800 μl of 2M NaCl, 50 mm EDTA, pH 8.0, add RNase I treated sample 200 μl, and incubate the reaction for 30 min at room temperature.

[0230] Capture the beads using the magnetic stand, save the supernatant, and start following washes:

[0231] 2 washes with 2M NaCl, 50 mm EDTA, pH 8.0, 1 ml each time,

[0232] 1 wash with 0.4% SDS, 50 μg/ml tRNA,

[0233] 1 wash with 10 mm Tris-Cl pH 7.5, 0.2 mm EDTA, 10 mm NaCl, 20% glycerol,

[0234] 1 wash with 50 μg/ml tRNA,

[0235] 1 wash with 1^(st) cDNA buffer

[0236] G. Second Strand cDNA Synthesis

[0237] Resuspend the beads in: *5X first buffer  8 μl *0.1 mM DTT  4 μl *10 mm dNTP mix  8 μl *5X 2nd buffer  60 μl *E. coli Ligase 10 U/μl  2 μl *E. coli DNA polymerase 10 U/μl  8 μl *E. coli RNaseH 2 U/μl  2 μl P32 dCTP 10 μci/μl  2 μl Or water up to 300 μl 208 μl

[0238] Incubate at 16° C. for 2 hr with mixing the reaction in every 30 min.

[0239] Add 4 μl of T4 DNA polymerase and incubate for additional 5 min at 16° C.

[0240] Elute 2^(nd) cDNA from the beads.

[0241] Use a magnetic stand to separate the 2^(nd) cDNA from the beads, then resuspend the beads in 200 μl of water, and then separate again, pool the samples (about 500 μl),

[0242] Add 200 μl of water to the beads, then 200 μl of phenol:chloroform, vortex, and spin to separate the sample with phenol.

[0243] Pool the DNA together (about 700 μl) and use phenol to clean the DNA again, DNA is then precipitated in 2 μg of glycogen and 0.5 vol of 7.5M NH4OAc and 2 vol of 100% EtOH. Precipitate overnight. Spin down the pellet and wash with 70% EtOH, air-dry the pellet. DNA 250 μl DNA 200 μl 7.5 M NH4OAc 125 μl 7.5 M NH4OAc 100 μl 100% EtOH 750 μl 100% EtOH 600 μl glycogen 1 μg/μl  2 μl glycogen 1 μg/μl  2 μl

[0244] H. Sal Adapter Ligation

[0245] Resuspend the pellet in 26 μl of water and use 1 μl for TAE gel.

[0246] Set up reaction as following: 2^(nd) strand cDNA 25 μl *5X T4 DNA ligase buffer 10 μl *Sal I adapters 10 μl *T4 DNA ligase  5 μl

[0247] Mix gently, incubate the reaction at 16° C. overnight.

[0248] Add 2 μl of ligase second day and incubate at room temperature for 2 hrs (optional).

[0249] Add 50 μl water to the reaction and use 100 μl of phenol to clean the DNA, 90 μl of the upper phase is transferred into a new tube and precipitate in: Glycogen 1 μg/μl  2 μl Upper phase DNA  90 μl 7.5 M NH4OAc  50 μl 100% EtOH 300 μl

[0250] precipitate at −20° C. overnight

[0251] Spin down the pellet at 4° C. and wash in 70% EtOH, dry the pellet. I. Not I digestion 2^(nd) cDNA 41 μl *Reaction 3 buffer  5 μl *Not I 15 u/μl  4 μl

[0252] Mix gently and incubate the reaction at 37° C. for 2 hr.

[0253] Add 50 μl of water and 100 μl of phenol, vortex, and take 90 μl of the upper phase to a new tube, then add 50 μl of NH₄0Ac and 300 μl of EtOH. Precipitate overnight at −20° C.

[0254] Cloning, ligation, and transformation are performed per the Superscript cDNA synthesis kit.

EXAMPLE 3

[0255] This example describes cDNA sequencing and library subtraction.

[0256] Individual colonies can be picked and DNA prepared either by PCR with M13 forward primers and M13 reverse primers, or by plasmid isolation. cDNA clones can be sequenced using M13 reverse primers.

[0257] cDNA libraries are plated out on 22×22 cm² agar plate at density of about 3,000 colonies per plate. The plates are incubated in a 37° C. incubator for 12-24 hours. Colonies are picked into 384-well plates by a robot colony picker, Q-bot (GENETIX Limited). These plates are incubated overnight at 37° C. Once sufficient colonies are picked, they are pinned onto 22×22 cm² nylon membranes using Q-bot. Each membrane holds 9,216 or 36,864 colonies. These membranes are placed onto an agar plate with an appropriate antibiotic. The plates are incubated at 37° C. overnight.

[0258] After colonies are recovered on the second day, these filters are placed on filter paper prewetted with denaturing solution for four minutes, then incubated on top of a boiling water bath for an additional four minutes. The filters are then placed on filter paper prewetted with neutralizing solution for four minutes. After excess solution is removed by placing the filters on dry filter papers for one minute, the colony side of the filters is placed into Proteinase K solution, incubated at 37° C. for 40-50 minutes. The filters are placed on dry filter papers to dry overnight. DNA is then cross-linked to nylon membrane by UV light treatment

[0259] Colony hybridization is conducted as described by Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F. and Maniatis, T., (in Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual, 2^(nd) Edition). The following probes can be used in colony hybridization:

[0260] 1. First strand cDNA from the same tissue as the library was made from to remove the most redundant clones.

[0261] 2. 48-192 most redundant cDNA clones from the same library based on previous sequencing data.

[0262] 3. 192 most redundant cDNA clones in the entire maize sequence database.

[0263] 4. A Sal-A20 oligo nucleotide: TCG ACC CAC GCG TCC GAA AAA AAA AAA AAA MA AAA, SEQ ID NO.31, removes clones containing a poly A tail but no cDNA.

[0264] 5. cDNA clones derived from rRNA.

[0265] The image of the autoradiography is scanned into computer and the signal intensity and cold colony addresses of each colony is analyzed. Re-arraying of cold-colonies from 384 well plates to 96 well plates is conducted using Q-bot.

EXAMPLE 4

[0266] This example describes identification of the gene from a computer homology search.

[0267] Gene identities can be determined by conducting BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool; Altschul, S. F., et al., (1993) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-410) searches under default parameters for similarity to sequences contained in the BLAST “nr” database (comprising all non-redundant GenBank CDS translations, sequences derived from the 3-dimensional structure Brookhaven Protein Data Bank, the last major release of the SWISS-PROT protein sequence database, EMBL, and DDBJ databases). The cDNA sequences are analyzed for similarity to all publicly available DNA sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTN algorithm. The DNA sequences are translated in all reading frames and compared for similarity to all publicly available protein sequences contained in the “nr” database using the BLASTX algorithm (Gish, W. and States, D. J. Nature Genetics 3:266-272 (1993)) provided by the NCBI. In some cases, the sequencing data from two or more clones containing overlapping segments of DNA are used to construct contiguous DNA sequences.

[0268] Sequence alignments and percent identity calculations can be performed using the Megalign program of the LASERGENE bioinformatics computing suite (DNASTAR Inc., Madison, Wis.). Multiple alignments of the sequences can be performed using the Clustal method of alignment (Higgins and Sharp (1989) CABIOS. 5:151-153) with the default parameters (GAP PENALTY=10, GAP LENGTH PENALTY=10). Default parameters for pairwise alignments using the Clustal method are KTUPLE 1, GAP PENALTY=3, WINDOW=5 and DIAGONALS SAVED=5.

[0269] Other methods of sequence alignment and percent identity analysis known to those of skill in the art, including those disclosed herein, can also be employed.

EXAMPLE 5

[0270] This example describes expression of transgenes in monocot cells.

[0271] A transgene comprising a cDNA encoding the instant polypeptides in sense orientation with respect to the maize 27 kD zein promoter that is located 5′ to the cDNA fragment, and the 10 kD zein 3′ end that is located 3′ to the cDNA fragment, can be constructed. The cDNA fragment of this gene may be generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cDNA clone using appropriate oligonucleotide primers. Cloning sites (NcoI or SmaI) can be incorporated into the oligonucleotides to provide proper orientation of the DNA fragment when inserted into the digested vector pML103 as described below. Amplification is then performed in a standard PCR. The amplified DNA is then digested with restriction enzymes NcoI and SmaI and fractionated on an agarose gel. The appropriate band can be isolated from the gel and combined with a 4.9 kb NcoI-SmaI fragment of the plasmid pML103. Plasmid pML103 has been deposited under the terms of the Budapest Treaty at ATCC (American Type Culture Collection, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 20110-2209), and bears accession number ATCC 97366. The DNA segment from pML103 contains a 1.05 kb SalI-NcoI promoter fragment of the maize 27 kD zein gene and a 0.96 kb SmaI-SalI fragment from the 3′ end of the maize 10 kD zein gene in the vector pGem9Zf(+) (Promega). Vector and insert DNA can be ligated at 15° C. overnight, essentially as described (Maniatis). The ligated DNA may then be used to transform E. coli XL1-Blue (Epicurian Coli XL-1 Blue; Stratagene). Bacterial transformants can be screened by restriction enzyme digestion of plasmid DNA and limited nucleotide sequence analysis using the dideoxy chain termination method (Sequenase DNA Sequencing Kit; U. S. Biochemical). The resulting plasmid construct would comprise a transgene encoding, in the 5′ to 3′ direction, the maize 27 kD zein promoter, a cDNA fragment encoding the instant polypeptides, and the 10 kD zein 3′ region.

[0272] The transgene described above can then be introduced into maize cells by the following procedure. Immature maize embryos can be dissected from developing caryopses derived from crosses of the inbred maize lines H99 and LH132. The embryos are isolated 10 to 11 days after pollination when they are 1.0 to 1.5 mm long. The embryos are then placed with the axis-side facing down and in contact with agarose-solidified N6 medium (Chu et al. (1975) Sci. Sin. Peking 18:659-668). The embryos are kept in the dark at 27° C. Friable embryogenic callus consisting of undifferentiated masses of cells with somatic proembryoids and embryoids borne on suspensor structures proliferates from the scutellum of these immature embryos. The embryogenic callus isolated from the primary explant can be cultured on N6 medium and sub-cultured on this medium every 2 to 3 weeks.

[0273] The plasmid, p35S/Ac (Hoechst Ag, Frankfurt, Germany) or equivalent may be used in transformation experiments in order to provide for a selectable marker. This plasmid contains the Pat gene (see European Patent Publication 0 242 236) which encodes phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT). The enzyme PAT confers resistance to herbicidal glutamine synthetase inhibitors such as phosphinothricin. The pat gene in p35S/Ac is under the control of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell et al. (1985) Nature 313:810-812) and the 3′ region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

[0274] The particle bombardment method (Klein et al. (1987) Nature 327:70-73) may be used to transfer genes to the callus culture cells. According to this method, gold particles (1 μm in diameter) are coated with DNA using the following technique. Ten pg of plasmid DNAs are added to 50 μL of a suspension of gold particles (60 mg per mL). Calcium chloride (50 μL of a 2.5 M solution) and spermidine free base (20 μL of a 1.0 M solution) are added to the particles. The suspension is vortexed during the addition of these solutions. After 10 minutes, the tubes are briefly centrifuged (5 sec at 15,000 rpm) and the supernatant removed. The particles are resuspended in 200 μL of absolute ethanol, centrifuged again and the supernatant removed. The ethanol rinse is performed again and the particles resuspended in a final volume of 30 μL of ethanol. An aliquot (5 μL) of the DNA-coated gold particles can be placed in the center of a Kapton flying disc (Bio-Rad Labs). The particles are then accelerated into the maize tissue with a Biolistic PDS-1000/He (Bio-Rad Instruments, Hercules Calif.), using a helium pressure of 1000 psi, a gap distance of 0.5 cm and a flying distance of 1.0 cm.

[0275] For bombardment, the embryogenic tissue is placed on filter paper over agarose-solidified N6 medium. The tissue is arranged as a thin lawn and covers a circular area of about 5 cm in diameter. The petri dish containing the tissue can be placed in the chamber of the PDS-1000/He approximately 8 cm from the stopping screen. The air in the chamber is then evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches of Hg. The macrocarrier is accelerated with a helium shock wave using a rupture membrane that bursts when the He pressure in the shock tube reaches 1000 psi.

[0276] Seven days after bombardment the tissue can be transferred to N6 medium that contains gluphosinate (2 mg per liter) and lacks casein or proline. The tissue continues to grow slowly on this medium. After an additional 2 weeks the tissue can be transferred to fresh N6 medium containing gluphosinate. After 6 weeks, areas of about 1 cm in diameter of actively growing callus can be identified on some of the plates containing the glufosinate-supplemented medium. These calli may continue to grow when sub-cultured on the selective medium.

[0277] Plants can be regenerated from the transgenic callus by first transferring clusters of tissue to N6 medium supplemented with 0.2 mg per liter of 2,4-D. After two weeks the tissue can be transferred to regeneration medium (Fromm et al. (1990) Bio/Technology 8:833-839).

EXAMPLE 6

[0278] This example describes expression of transgenes in dicot cells.

[0279] A seed-specific expression cassette composed of the promoter and transcription terminator from the gene encoding the β subunit of the seed storage protein phaseolin from the bean Phaseolus vulgaris (Doyle et al. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261:9228-9238) can be used for expression of the instant polypeptides in transformed soybean. The phaseolin cassette includes about 500 nucleotides upstream (5′) from the translation initiation codon and about 1650 nucleotides downstream (3′) from the translation stop codon of phaseolin. Between the 5′ and 3′ regions are the unique restriction endonuclease sites Nco I (which includes the ATG translation initiation codon), SmaI, KpnI and XbaI. The entire cassette is flanked by Hind III sites.

[0280] The cDNA fragment of this gene may be generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of the cDNA clone using appropriate oligonucleotide primers. Cloning sites can be incorporated into the oligonucleotides to provide proper orientation of the DNA fragment when inserted into the expression vector. Amplification is then performed as described above, and the isolated fragment is inserted into a pUC18 vector carrying the seed expression cassette.

[0281] Soybean embryos may then be transformed with the expression vector comprising sequences encoding the instant polypeptides. To induce somatic embryos, cotyledons, 3-5 mm in length dissected from surface sterilized, immature seeds of the soybean cultivar A2872, can be cultured in the light or dark at 26° C on an appropriate agar medium for 6-10 weeks. Somatic embryos which produce secondary embryos are then excised and placed into a suitable liquid medium. After repeated selection for clusters of somatic embryos which multiplied as early, globular staged embryos, the suspensions are maintained as described below.

[0282] Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures can maintained in 35 mL liquid media on a rotary shaker, 150 rpm, at 26° C. with florescent lights on a 16:8 hour day/night schedule. Cultures are subcultured every two weeks by inoculating approximately 35 mg of tissue into 35 mL of liquid medium.

[0283] Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures may then be transformed by the method of particle gun bombardment (Klein et al. (1987) Nature (London) 327:70-73, U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050). A DuPont Biolistic PDS1000/HE instrument (helium retrofit) can be used for these transformations.

[0284] A selectable marker gene which can be used to facilitate soybean transformation is a transgene composed of the 35S promoter from Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (Odell etal.(1985) Nature 313:810-812), the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene from plasmid pJR225 (from E. coli; Gritz et al.(1983) Gene 25:179-188) and the 3′ region of the nopaline synthase gene from the T-DNA of the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The seed expression cassette comprising the phaseolin 5′ region, the fragment encoding the instant polypeptides and the phaseolin 3′ region can be isolated as a restriction fragment. This fragment can then be inserted into a unique restriction site of the vector carrying the marker gene.

[0285] To 50 μL of a 60 mg/mL 1 μmgold particle suspension is added (in order): 5 μL DNA (1 μg/μL), 20 μl spermidine (0.1 M), and 50 μL CaCl₂ (2.5 M). The particle preparation is then agitated for three minutes, spun in a microfuge for 10 seconds and the supernatant removed. The DNA-coated particles are then washed once in 400 μL 70% ethanol and resuspended in 40 μL of anhydrous ethanol. The DNA/particle suspension can be sonicated three times for one second each. Five microliters of the DNA-coated gold particles are then loaded on each macro carrier disk.

[0286] Approximately 300-400 mg of a two-week-old suspension culture is placed in an empty 60×15 mm petri dish and the residual liquid removed from the tissue with a pipette. For each transformation experiment, approximately 5-10 plates of tissue are normally bombarded. Membrane rupture pressure is set at 1100 psi and the chamber is evacuated to a vacuum of 28 inches mercury. The tissue is placed approximately 3.5 inches away from the retaining screen and bombarded three times. Following bombardment, the tissue can be divided in half and placed back into liquid and cultured as described above.

[0287] Five to seven days post bombardment, the liquid media may be exchanged with fresh media, and eleven to twelve days post bombardment with fresh media containing 50 mg/mL hygromycin. This selective media can be refreshed weekly. Seven to eight weeks post bombardment, green, transformed tissue may be observed growing from untransformed, necrotic embryogenic clusters. Isolated green tissue is removed and inoculated into individual flasks to generate new, clonally propagated, transformed embryogenic suspension cultures. Each new line may be treated as an independent transformation event. These suspensions can then be subcultured and maintained as clusters of immature embryos or regenerated into whole plants by maturation and germination of individual somatic embryos.

EXAMPLE 7

[0288] This example describes expression of a transgene in microbial cells. The cDNAs encoding the instant polypeptides can be inserted into the T7 E. coli expression vector pBT430. This vector is a derivative of pET-3a (Rosenberg et al. (1987) Gene 56:125-135) which employs the bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase/T7 promoter system. Plasmid pBT430 was constructed by first destroying the EcoR I and Hind III sites in pET-3a at their original positions. An oligonucleotide adaptor containing EcoR I and Hind III sites was inserted at the BamH I site of pET-3a. This created pET-3aM with additional unique cloning sites for insertion of genes into the expression vector. Then, the Nde I site at the position of translation initiation was converted to an Nco I site using oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. The DNA sequence of pET-3aM in this region, 5′-CATATGG, was converted to 5′-CCCATGG in pBT430.

[0289] Plasmid DNA containing a cDNA may be appropriately digested to release a nucleic acid fragment encoding the protein. This fragment may then be purified on a 1% NuSieve GTG low melting agarose gel (FMC). Buffer and agarose contain 10 μg/ml ethidium bromide for visualization of the DNA fragment. The fragment can then be purified from the agarose gel by digestion with GELase (Epicentre Technologies) according to the manufacturer's instructions, ethanol precipitated, dried and resuspended in 20 μL of water. Appropriate oligonucleotide adapters may be ligated to the fragment using T4 DNA ligase (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass.). The fragment containing the ligated adapters can be purified from the excess adapters using low melting agarose as described above. The vector pBT430 is digested, dephosphorylated with alkaline phosphatase (NEB) and deproteinized with phenol/chloroform as described above. The prepared vector pBT430 and fragment can then be ligated at 16° C. for 15 hours followed by transformation into DH5 electrocompetent cells (GIBCO BRL). Transformants can be selected on agar plates containing LB media and 100 μg/mL ampicillin. Transformants containing the gene encoding the instant polypeptides are then screened for the correct orientation with respect to the T7 promoter by restriction enzyme analysis.

[0290] For high level expression, a plasmid clone with the cDNA insert in the correct orientation relative to the T7 promoter can be transformed into E. coli strain BL21(DE3) (Studier et al. (1986) J. Mol. Biol. 189:113-130). Cultures are grown in LB medium containing ampicillin (100 mg/L) at 25° C. At an optical density at 600 nm of approximately 1, IPTG (isopropylthio-β-galactoside, the inducer) can be added to a final concentration of 0.4 mM and incubation can be continued for 3 h at 25° C. Cells are then harvested by centrifugation and re-suspended in 50 μL of 50 mM Tris-HCl at pH 8.0 containing 0.1 mM DTT and 0.2 mM phenyl methylsulfonyl fluoride. A small amount of 1 mm glass beads can be added and the mixture sonicated 3 times for about 5 seconds each time with a microprobe sonicator. The mixture is centrifuged and the protein concentration of the supernatant determined. One microgram of protein from the soluble fraction of the culture can be separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Gels can be observed for protein bands migrating at the expected molecular weight.

EXAMPLE 8 Isolation of the CesA10, 11, and 12 Genes and their Relevanc to Cell Wall Synthesis and Stalk Strength in Maize

[0291] All three genes were isolated from a library made from the zone of an elongating corn stalk internode between the elongation zone and the most mature part of the internode, the “transition zone”. The library was made, subtracted, and sequenced as described in the preceding Examples 1, 2, and 3. A genomic database search was conducted as described in Example 4. Derived polypeptide sequences of all the Expressed Tag Sequences (ESTs) showing homology to the 1 kb 5′-end of any of the 9 previously known ZmCesA genes were aligned with the protein sequences of the latter. The sequences that did not fully match any of the known genes were sequenced from both ends of the respective cDNA clones. Three new, full-length genes, ZmCesA10 (SEQ ID NO. 25), ZmCesA11 (SEQ ID NO. 27), and ZmCesA12 (SEQ ID NO. 29) were isolated by this method.

[0292] The polypeptide sequences of the three genes derived from the cDNA sequences (SEQ ID NOs. 26, 28, and 30, respectively) clustered with the CesA genes from other species where they are known to be involved in secondary wall formation (FIG. 4). AtCesA7 and AtCesA8 have been found to make secondary wall in the vascular bundles (Taylor Neil, G., Laurie, S., and Turner Simon, R. (2000). Multiple cellulose synthase catalytic subunits are required for cellulose synthesis in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 2000; 12, 2529-2539.). Retrotransposon insertions into OsCesA4 and OsCesA7 resulted in a brittle culm phenotype in rice (Katsuyuki Tanaka, Akio Miyao, Kazumasa Murata, Katsura Onosato, Naoko Kojima, Yumiko Yamashita, Mayuko Harada, Takuji Sasaki, Hirohiko Hirochika, 2002, Analysis of rice brittle mutants caused by disruption of cellulose synthase genes OsCesA4 and OsCesA11 with the retrotransposon tos 17. Plant, Animal & Microbe Genomes X. San Diego, Calif. Abs.# 324). Each of the genes, ZmCesA 10, 11, or 12, groups with one or the other CesA gene from Arabidopsis or rice known to be involved in secondary wall formation and thus in determining tissue strength (FIG. 4). The CesA genes derived from the tissues specializing in secondary wall formation from other species (Gossypium, Zinnia, Populus) also group into the same clades with the aforementioned genes.

[0293] Further evidence that the maize genes are involved in secondary wall formation and thus in determining stalk strength was obtained from their expression pattern using the Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS) technology (Brenner, S., Williams Steven, R., Vermaas Eric, H., Storck, T., Moon, K., McCollum, C., Mao Jen, I., Luo, S., Kirchner James, J., Eletr, S., DuBridge Robert, B., Burcham, T., and Albrecht, G. (2000), In vitro cloning of complex mixtures of DNA on microbeads: Physical separation of differentially expressed cDNAs. Proceedings-of-the-National-Academy-of-Sciences-of-the-United-States-of-America, Feb. 15, 2000; 97, 1665-1670.; see also Brenner, S., Johnson, M., Bridgham, J., Golda, G., Lloyd David, H., Johnson, D., Luo, S., McCurdy, S., Foy, M., Ewan, M., Roth, R., George, D., Eletr, S., Albrecht, G., Vermaas, E., Williams Steven, R., Moon, K., Burcham, T., Pallas, M., DuBridge Robert, B., Kirchner, J., Fearon, K., Mao Jen, i., and Corcoran, K. (2000), Gene expression analysis by massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) on microbead arrays. Nature-Biotechnolog, [print] June, 2000; 18, 630-634.; see also Dhugga, K. S. (2001), Building the wall: genes and enzyme complexes for polysaccharide synthases, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4, 488-493.). All three genes are expressed in the tissues rich in cell wall content, supporting their involvement in secondary wall formation as deduced from their relationship to the genes from the other, aforementioned species know to play this role (FIG. 5). All three genes are expressed nearly identically across multiple tissues as seen from the correlation coefficient matrix (Table 3), further strengthening the argument that they are involved in secondary wall formation in the vascular bundles and thus in determining tissue strength.

[0294] Correlation among the expression level of the different CesA genes from maize as studied from Lynx are shown in Table 3. TABLE 3 CesA1 C sA2 CesA3 CesA4 CesA5 CesA6 CesA7 CesA8 CesA10 CesA11 CesA12 CesA1 1 CesA2 0.59 1.00 CesA3 0.07 −0.15 1.00 CesA4 0.44 0.55 −0.10 1.00 CesA5 −0.20 −0.29 0.45 −0.33 1.00 CesA6 0.56 0.14 0.14 0.08 −0.13 1.00 CesA7 0.68 0.76 −0.06 0.57 −0.29 0.32 1.00 CesA8 0.59 0.73 −0.16 0.58 −0.36 0.26 0.61 1.00 CesA10 0.27 0.37 −0.27 0.33 −0.26 0.02 0.33 0.36 1.00 CesA11 0.39 0.47 −0.22 0.38 −0.28 0.11 0.40 0.42 0.95 1.00 CesA12 0.34 0.49 −0.27 0.37 −0.31 0.08 0.44 0.45 0.95 0.95 1.00

[0295] The correlation matrix was derived from the expression, measured in PPM, from 65 different tissue libraries. Note the nearly perfect correlation among the expression pattern of the CesA10, 11, and 12 genes.

EXAMPLE 9

[0296] This example describes a procedure to identify plants containing Mu inserted into genes of interest and a strategy to identify the function of those genes. This procedure was also described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/371,383 which disclosed members of the same gene family as the present application. One of skill in the art could readily conceive of use of this procedure with the any of the Cellulose Synthase (CesA) sequences disclosed in the current application. The current example is based on work with the CesA11 gene, identified as SEQ ID No. 27 herein.

[0297] The Trait Utility System for Corn (TUSC) is a method that employs genetic and molecular techniques to facilitate the study of gene function in maize. Studying gene function implies that the gene's sequence is already known, thus the method works in reverse: from sequence to phenotype. This kind of application is referred to as “reverse genetics”, which contrasts with “forward” methods that are designed to identify and isolate the gene(s) responsible for a particular trait (phenotype).

[0298] Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., has a proprietary collection of maize genomic DNA from approximately 42,000 individual F₁ plants (Reverse genetics for maize, Meeley, R. and Briggs, S., 1995, Maize Genet. Coop. Newslett. 69:67, 82). The genome of each of these individuals contains multiple copies of the transposable element family, Mutator (Mu). The Mu family is highly mutagenic; in the presence of the active element Mu-DR, these elements transpose throughout the genome, inserting into genic regions, and often disrupting gene function. By collecting genomic DNA from a large number (42,000) of individuals, Pioneer has assembled a library of the mutagenized maize genome.

[0299] Mu insertion events are predominantly heterozygous; given the recessive nature of most insertional mutations, the F₁ plants appear wild-type. Each of the F₁ plants is selfed to produce F₂ seed, which is collected. In generating the F₂ progeny, insertional mutations segregate in a Mendelian fashion so are useful for investigating a mutant allele's effect on the phenotype. The TUSC system has been successfully used by a number of laboratories to identify the function of a variety of genes (Cloning and characterization of the maize An1 gene, Bensen, R. J., et al., 1995, Plant Cell 7:75-84; Diversification of C-function activity in maize flower development, Mena, M., et al., 1996, Science 274:1537-1540; Analysis of a chemical plant defense mechanism in grasses, Frey, M., et al., 1997, Science 277:696-699; The control of maize spikelet meristem fate by the APETALA2-like gene Indeterminate spikelet 1, Chuck, G., Meeley, R. B., and Hake, S., 1998, Genes & Development 12:1145-1154; A SecY homologue is required for the elaboration of the chloroplast thylakoid membrane and for normal chloroplast gene expression, Roy, L. M. and Barkan, A., 1998, J. Cell Biol. 141:1-11).

[0300] PCR Screening for Mu insertions in CesA11:

[0301] Two primers were designed from within the CesA11 cDNA and designated as gene-specific primers (GSPs): Forward primer: (GSP1/SEQ ID NO. 32) 5′-TACGATGAGTACGAGAGGTCCATGCTCA-3′ Reverse primer: (GSP2/SEQ ID NO. 33) 5′-GGCAAAAGCCCAGATGCGAGATAGAC-3′ Mu TIR primer: (SEQ ID NO. 34) 5′-AGAGMGCCAACGCCAWCGCCTCYATTTCGTC-3′

[0302] Pickoligo was used to select primers for PCR. This program chooses the Tm according to the following equation:

Tm=[((GC*3+AT*2)*37−562)/length]−5

[0303] PCR reactions were run with an annealing temperature of 62° C. and a thermocycling profile as follows:

[0304] Gel electrophoresis of the PCR products confirmed that there was no false priming in single primer reactions and that only one fragment was amplified in paired GSP reactions.

[0305] The genomic DNA from 42,000 plants, combined into pools of 48 plants each, was subjected to PCR with either GSP1 or GSP2 and Mu TIR. The pools that were confirmed to be positive by dot-blot hybridization using CesA11 cDNA as a probe were subjected to gel-blot analysis in order to determine the size of fragments amplified. The pools in which clean fragments were identified were subjected to further analysis to identify the individual plants within those pools that contained Mu insertion(s).

[0306] Seed from F₁ plants identified in this manner was planted in the field. Leaf discs from twenty plants in each F₂ row were collected and genomic DNA was isolated. The same twenty plants were selfed and the F₃ seed saved. Pooled DNA (from 20 plants) from each of twelve rows was subjected to PCR using GSP1 or GSP2 and Mu TIR primer as mentioned above. Three pools identified to contain Mu insertions were subjected to individual plant analysis and homozygotes identified. The Mu insertion sites with the surrounding signature sequences are identified below: Allele 1: 5′-TGGCGGCCG(SEQ ID NO. 35)-Mu-TCTGAAATG(SEQ ID NO. 36)-3′ Allele 2: 5′-GCCCACAAG(SEQ ID NO. 37)-Mu-CATCCTGGT(SEQ ID NO. 38)-3′ Allele 3: 5′-GTGTTCTTC(SEQ ID NO. 39)-Mu-GCCATGTGG(SEQ ID NO. 40)-3′

[0307] All three insertions are within 500 nucleotides of each other in the open reading frame, suggesting that this region in the gene might represent a hot spot for Mu insertion. One of the insertions, allele 1, is in the region upstream of the predicted six transmembrane domains near the C-terminal end of the protein. Each of these insertions is expected to inactivate the gene since they are all in the exonic regions of the gene.

EXAMPLE 10

[0308] This example describes the method used to measure mechanical strength of the maize stalks as well as the effect of the overexpression of different CesA genes on stalk strength. The mechanical strength of the mature corn stalks was measured with an electromechanical test system. The internodes below the ear were subjected to a 3-point bend test using an Instron, model 4411 (Instron Corporation, 100 Royall Street, Canton, Mass. 02021), with a span-width of 200 mm between the anchoring points and a speed of 200 mm/min of the 3^(rd) point attached to a load cell. For measuring rind puncture strength, a needle was mounted on the load cell of the Instron and the load taken to puncture the rind was used as a measure of rind puncture strength.

[0309] Load needed to break the internode was used as a measure of mechanical strength. The internodes are stronger toward the base of the stalk. This mechanical stalk breaking strength, or the “load to break”, was used to classify the hybrids with known stalk characteristics into respective categories based on the internodal breaking strength. The load to break the internodal zone was very similar to the lodging score that had been assigned to the hybrids based on field observations (see FIG. 1). Approximately 90% of the variation for internodal breaking strength was explained by unit stalk dry matter below the ear (47%), stalk diameter (30%), and rind puncture resistance (10%). Moisture levels above 30% in the stalk tissue masked the contribution of the rind tissue to breaking strength. The internodal breaking strength was highly correlated with the mount of cellulose per unit length of the stalk.

[0310] Four of the CesA genes were expressed under the control of a weak constitutive promoter, F3.7 (see Sean Coughlin, et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/387,720, filed Aug. 30, 1999). Table 4 discloses the construct numbers, corresponding sequence IDs from the patent, promoters, and the gene names. In2 is an inducible promoter from the In2 gene from maize. The In2 promoter responds to benzenesulfonamide herbicide safeners (see Hershey et al. (1991) Mol Gen. Genetics 227:229-237 and Gatz et al. (1994) Mol. Gen Genetics 243:32-38). TABLE 4 Construct CesA SEQ ID NO. Promoter Gene name 1 1 F3.7 CesA1 2 9 F3.7 CesA4 3 13 F3.7 CesA5 4 17 F3.7 CesA8 5 Control IN2 GUSINT

[0311] Twenty-five individual T₀ events for each construct were generated in a hybrid maize background using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Data for various traits, such as plant height, stalk mass below ear, stalk diameter, internodal breaking strength, and structural material and cellulose percentages in the internodal tissue were collected.

[0312] The plants from the transgenic events generated using the CesA8 gene were significantly taller in comparison to the control plants containing a GUS gene. Interstingly, a reduction in height was observed when the CesA1 gene was introduced. The other two genes, CesA4 and CesA5, did not differ from the control plants. (See FIG. 6.) It has long been known that cellulose synthase occurs as a terminal rosette complex consisting of multiple functional cellulose synthase polypeptides that are organized in a ring with a hexagonal symmetry. Each of the six members of the ring is believed to contain six or more functional enzyme units. In general, 36 or more cellulose chains are extruded simultaneous to their synthesis through the plasma membrane into the apoplast. These chains are crystallized into a microfibril right as they come in contact with each other after extrusion through the rosette complex. A functional cellulose synthase is believed to consist of two polypeptides derived form different CesA genes, forming a heterodimer, resulting in a total of 72 or more CesA polypeptides in each rosette.

[0313] While not intending to be limited to a single theory, it is possible that a homodimer could also form a functional enzyme. Therefore, the possible reasons for a reduction in plant height in the events where CesA1 was overexpressed are: 1) the other CesA gene with which its polypeptide forms a heterodimer is down-regulated, and 2) the expression of the other gene is not affected but the CESA1 homodimer forms a nonfunctional enzyme, in which case the functional dimers are competed out of the rosette complex. In the latter case, the overexpressed gene behaves as a dominant repressor of cellulose synthesis. This should manifest in the form of microfibrils with fewer cellulose chains. This could be detected by some physical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The reverse could be true for the CesA8 gene whose homodimers may be functional, and/or whose overexpression might induce the expression of its partner gene the product of which it uses to make a functional enzyme. The fact that an increase in height is observed may result from stalk becoming an active sink when CesA8 is overexpressed. Stalk is usually considered to be a passive sink which cannot compete well with the developing ear. This argument is supported by the observation that the plants containing CesA8 as a transgene had smaller ears. Cellulose content and stalk length below the ear is highly correlated with the breaking strength of the stalk (See FIG. 3). An increase in cellulose production can be accommodated by the following alterations: 1) synthesis of the other cell wall constituents stays constant, leading to an increased cellulose percentage in the wall; and 2) increase in cellulose synthesis upregulates the synthesis of the other cell wall constituents as well, in which case the percentage of cellulose does not change in the wall but the amount of cellulose in a unit length does. Two of the CesA genes, CesA4 and CesA8, showed an increase in the amount of cellulose in a unit length of the stalk below the ear (See FIG. 7). One of the genes, CesA5, did not have any effect on the amount of cellulose in the stalk. It was recently suggested, based on its expression pattern in different tissues, that CesA5 might actually be involved in the formation of some non-cellulosic polysaccharide, most probably mixed-linked glucan (Dhugga, K. S. 2001, Curr. Opin. Plant Biol., 4:488-493). The data in the accompanying figures seem to support this argument.

[0314] The internodes were subjected to breakage with a 3-point Instron and the load to break plotted as a function of unit cellulose amount. (See FIG. 2.) A high correlation between these two traits is observed from the multiple events, particularly for CesA8 (FIG. 3). We have found from other studies that this gene is involved in cellulose synthesis in the vascular bundles in the elongating cells (Holland, N., Holland, D., Helentjaris, T., Dhugga, K. S., Xoconostle-Cazares, and Delmer, D. P. (2000). A comparative analysis of the plant cellulose synthase (CesA) gene family. Plant Physiol. 123, 1313-1323). These data support our previous observations and supports the observation that the amount of cellulose in a unit length of stalk below the ear results in an increased stalk strength.

EXAMPLE 11 Characterization of the Brittle Stalk Mutant

[0315] The role of cellulose in determining mechanical strength in maize is dramatically exhibited by a spontaneous mutant, brittle stalk (bk2), which maps to chromosome 9L (Langham D. G., Brittle stalk-2 (bk2). Maize Genet. Co-Op News Lett. MNL14: 21-22, 1940). The mutant plants have substantially reduced strength in all the aboveground tissues to the extent that the tissues snap upon slight bending starting at about five-leaf stage (Coe E. H. J., Neuffer M. G., and Hoisington M. G., Corn and com improvement, G. F. Sprague, ed. (Madison: American Society of Agronomy, 1988). We measured the flexural strength of the internodes below the ear in greenhouse-grown plants that were derived from the seed obtained from one selfed ear segregating for bk2. The mutant stalks had ˜40% of the strength of the wildtype sibs (Table 5). Whereas the wildtype stalk stayed attached after breakage in a 3-point flexural test, the bk2 stalk snapped at yield point (FIG. 11). The mutant plants had significantly reduced dry matter and cellulose contents per unit length of the stalk (Table 5). The cell wall content was reduced by ˜12% in the total dry matter in the mutant stalks but cellulose concentration was reduced by approximately 30% in comparison to their wildtype sibs. The amount of cellulose per unit length of the stalk was highly correlated with the load to break (R²=0.98). The bk2 plants were grown in pots adjacent to the wildtype plants in controlled conditions and were similar in stalk diameter and ear height (Table 5). This indicates that the reduction in dry matter and cellulose contents per unit length explained the differences for stalk strength between the mutant and the wildtype plants. Our results are in agreement with the previous studies in barley where only the cellulose content was found to be affected in the straw of the brittle culm mutant (Kokubo A., Kuraishi S.,and Sakurai N. Plant Physiol. 91: 876-882, 1989, and Kokubo A., Sakurai N., Kuraishi S., and Takeda K., Plant Physiol. 97: 509-514, 1991.) The number of cellulose molecules, not the molecular mass, appeared to be reduced in the mutant barley plants, which may have resulted from a reduction in the number of the cellulose synthase complexes in the plasma membrane (Kokubo et al., 1991, supra).

[0316] An apparent increase in lignin concentration in the wall fraction of the bk2 stalks can be explained by the fact that it is expressed as a fraction of total dry matter and a reduction in one of the constituents would be expected to result in a corresponding increase in the remaining ones (Table 5). Actually, whereas lignin in the bk2 stalks showed an apparent increase of 13% over their wildtype sibs, the rest of the cell wall (mostly hemicellulose with some protein and ash) content increased by approximately 20%. Since cellulose constitutes a major sink in the stalk tissue by being the most abundant constituent, a limitation in its synthesis could reduce the formation of the rest of the cell wall, thereby causing an overall reduction in dry matter deposition in the plant. TABLE 5 Trait Wildtype bk2 Ear height (cm) 102.00 ± 8.8  106.33 ± 11.8  Stalk diameter (mm) 23.84 ± 0.27 23.40 ± 0.46 Stalk dry mass (g) 89.43 ± 3.39 62.08 ± 8.46 Moisture (%) 79.20 ± 0.21 84.87 ± 1.04 Dry matter (g/cm)  0.68 ± 0.04  0.43 ± 0.07 Displacement to break (mm) 11.83 ± 0.46  6.51 ± 1.10 Load to break (kg) 23.68 ± 2.25  9.04 ± 2.66 Insoluble dry matter (%) 51.57 ± 1.00 45.20 ± 1.69 Cellulose (%) 33.30 ± 0.56 23.76 ± 0.68 Lignin (%)  9.07 ± 0.21 10.28 ± 0.63 Remainder cell wall (%)  9.20 ± 1.68 11.16 ± 2.03 Cellulose (g/cm)  0.24 ± 0.114  0.11 ± 0.019

[0317] Characteristics of the stalk tissue of the brittle stalk (bk2) mutant of maize. Three greenhouse-grown plants from each of the bk2 and its wildtype sib, both derived from seeds obtained from the same selfed ear were evaluated for different traits approximately two weeks after flowering. Total dry matter was measured in the stalk portion below the ear node. Three internodes below the ear node were subjected to a 3-point flexural test. Structural dry matter and cellulose contents were determined in duplicates on each of the three plants from the 3^(rd) internode below the ear node. Since only the cellulose content is reduced in the wall of the maize bk2 stalks and brittle culm straws of barley, our initial hypothesis was that Bk2 might be a CesA gene. Mutated form of each of the three different secondary wall forming CesA genes from Arabidopsis, named Irx for irregular xylem, results in diminished cellulose formation and reduced stem strength (Taylor N. G. et al., 1999. Plant Cell 11: 769-779, 1999.) However, none of the twelve CesA genes from maize maps to chromosome 9 on which the Bk2 gene is located (Holland N., et al., Plant Physiol. 123: 1313-1323, 2000). Nor does the mutant form of Sus1, which maps very close to Bk2, exhibit a brittle phenotype. At least some members of two of the other gene families that might alter cellulose formation, i.e., uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) and membrane-associated β-1, 4-glucanase, are excluded as candidates for Bk2 because they map to other locations (Helentjaris and Rafalski, personal communications). The Bk2 gene might encode a transacting factor that adversely affects the formation of cellulose, particularly in the secondary wall. This could result from a suppression of the CesA gene or that of other members of the cellulose synthase complex. Alternatively, Bk2 could be involved in wall assembly but is not a β-1, 4-glucanase. The bk2 plants looked phenotypically normal suggesting that most likely this gene affects secondary wall formation because plants harboring mutations in the genes that affect primary wall formation exhibit severe phenotypic alterations (Arioli T. et al., Science 279: 717-720,1998; and Fagard M. et al., Plant Cell, 12:2409-2423. 2000.

EXAMPLE 12 Cellulose Synthase Gene Family

[0318] Deduced protein sequences for the Arabidopsis CESA proteins were downloaded from the web site at cellwall.stanford.edu. Maize sequences for the genes CesA1-9 are available in GenBank (Holland N., et al., Plant Physiol. 123: 1313-1323, 2000). Sequence alignment was carried out using CLUSTAL W program (Thompson J. D. et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 4673-4680, 1994). Parsimony and neighbor-joining analyses were performed using the PAUP program (Swofford D. L., PAUP*: Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (and other methods), Volume Version 4 (Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates), 1998). To assess the degree of support for each branch on the tree, bootstrap analysis with 500 replicates was performed (Felsenstein J., Evolution 39: 783-791, 1985). Maximum-likelihood tree was also reconstructed using proML algorithm implemented in the PHYLIP package by J. Felsenstein (Phylogeny Inference Package, version 3.6a2.1; web site at evolution.genetics.washington.edu/phylip.html). Both neighbor-joining and maximum-likelihood trees showed very similar tree topologies as that of the maximally parsimonious tree with minor terminal branch differences.

[0319] A previous report described nine of the CesA genes from maize that were isolated from Pioneer proprietary genomics EST database (Holland N., et al., Plant Physiol. 123: 1313-1323, 2000). Based on their similarity to the known CesA genes from Arabidopsis and other species at the time, genes were classified into two categories, i.e., primary and potentially secondary wall forming ones. Because of the proximity of the lade consisting of CesA6, 7, and 8 genes to the secondary wall forming genes from other species and the expression pattern of CesA8, these genes may be involved in secondary wall formation (Holland N., et al., Plant Physiol. 123: 1313-1323, 2000). None of those genes, however, formed a true lade with any of the secondary wall forming genes from other plant species.

[0320] Genes involved in secondary wall formation are usually underrepresented in the EST databases as the latter are generally enriched in sequences derived from immature tissues. These genes are expected to be preferentially expressed in the transition zone of the stalk where the cells in the vascular bundles start depositing secondary wall at a higher rate. cDNA libraries were constructed from the elongation and transition zones of an elongating maize internode and obtained ˜8000 ESTs from each of the libraries. Three additional full-length genes were designated as CesA10, CesA11, and CesA12 were isolated from among these ESTs. This approach is similar to the one used to isolate the first plant CesA gene from only a few hundred ESTs derived from the developing cotton fibers during peak secondary wall formation (Pear J. R. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 12637-12642, 1996). The CesA genes are generally expressed at a low level as judged from their occurrence in the EST databases and from gene expression studies but can occur at higher frequencies in specific tissues as shown later in the gene expression profiling section (Dhugga K. S., Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 488-493, 2001).

[0321] An unrooted cladogram comprising the maize and Arabidopsis CESA proteins is shown in FIG. 4. The deduced amino acid sequences of the three additional maize CesA genes cluster with the corresponding deduced proteins from Arabidopsis where they are known to be involved in secondary wall formation. ZmCESA10, ZmCESA11, and ZmCESA12 group with AtCESA4 (IRX5), AtCESA8 (IRX1), and AtCESA7 (IRX3), respectively. This suggests that the different subclasses of the CesA genes diverged early in evolution, at least before the separation of monocots and dicots (Holland N., et al., Plant Physiol. 123: 1313-1323, 2000). Each of the Irx genes is expressed in the same cell type in the vascular tissue in Arabidopsis (Taylor N.G.et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 1450-1455, 2003). Phylogenetic clustering of the maize CESA proteins with the IRX proteins from Arabidopsis and their highest expression in the transition zone of the internode suggest that these genes are involved in secondary wall formation. Gene expression profiling studies described in the following section lend further support to this suggestion.

EXAMPLE 13

[0322] Expression Profiling of the CesA Gene Family

[0323]FIG. 5 depicts the expression pattern of the maize CesA genes in different tissues as studied using the massively parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) technology (Brenner S. et al., Nature Biotechnology 18: 630-634, 2000; Brenner S. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 1665-1670, 2000; Hoth S. et al., J. Cell Sci. 115: 4891-4900, 2002; and, Meyers B. C. et al., Plant J. 32: 77-92, 2002). Similar data from a smaller set of libraries were presented in a previous report (Dhugga K. S., Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 488-493, 2001). The current data are summarized from 76 different libraries whereas the previous data were derived from only 23 libraries. Two general conclusions can be drawn from these data: 1) CesA genes 1-8, with the exception of CesA2, are expressed at different levels in a majority of the tissues and 2) CesA10-12 are selectively expressed in those tissues that are rich in secondary wall. For CesA1-8, these data are in overall agreement with the previous data with the exception of CesA2, which, after reanalysis is found to be expressed only in the root and the kernel tissues and at a very low level in the silk tissue (Dhugga K. S., Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 488-493, 2001). CesA5 and CesA6 are the highest expressed CesA genes in the endosperm and leaf tissues, respectively. CesA10, CesA11, and CesA12 are most highly expressed in the stalk tissue although CesA7 and CesA8 approach the level of expression of CesA12. The expression of none of the CesA genes is detected in the mature pollen grain.

[0324] Theoretically, the whole expressed genome is analyzed by the MPSS technology each time a library is screened for unique tags (Brenner S. et al., Nature Biotechnology 18: 630-634, 2000; and, Brenner S. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 1665-1670, 2000). Quantitative measures of the expression levels of different gene tags in the MPSS, as opposed to the ratios across paired tissues or treatments in the microarray-based platforms, combined with the depth of signature sequencing (>1 million) for each of the libraries make it possible to compare gene expression patterns across multiple, independent experiments. A correlation coefficient matrix showing the relationship for the expression pattern among the maize CesA genes is shown in Table 2. As reported previously, CesA1 is expressed to a large degree in similar tissues as CesA7 (R²=0.49) and CesA8 (R²=0.40) (Dhugga, 2001). CesA2 as discussed above is expressed only a in a few tissues and its expression pattern does not appreciably correlate with any of the other genes. A lack of appreciable correlation of CesA3, CesA5, or CesA6 with any of the genes suggests that the relatively high correlation coefficients observed among some of the gene pairs may have biological relevance. Dimerization of the CESA proteins has been proposed for the formation of a functional cellulose synthase complex (Doblin, M. S. et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 43:1407-1420, 2002; Kurek I. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 11109-11114, 2002; and, Scheible W. R. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:10079-10084, 2001). All three of the secondary wall forming CESA proteins (IRX1, IRX3, and IRX5) have been reported to be involved in the formation of a functional cellulose synthase complex (Taylor N. G. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 1450-1455, 2003). Theoretically, only two catalytic subunits are needed to provide juxtaposed catalytic sites for the formation of a β-bond without having to rotate the chain after each bond formation (Dhugga K. S., Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 4: 488-493, 2001). This could be accomplished either by a homo- or a heterodimer. It is possible, however, that multiple CESA proteins are needed to form a functional rosette (Taylor N. G.et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100: 1450-1455, 2003). Relatively high correlation coefficients among the expression levels of CesA1, CesA7, and CesA8 genes suggest that their proteins might form a functional complex in certain cell types.

[0325] For the CesA10, CesA11, and CesA12 genes, the correlation coefficients are around 0.9 among different pairs, indicating that these genes are mostly coexpressed. Since these genes were isolated from the tissues where secondary wall is actively deposited, i.e., the transition zone of an elongating internode, we subjected the elongation zone, transition zone, and the isolated vascular bundles to MPSS analysis (FIG. 10). Of all the CesA genes, CesA10, CesA11 and CesA12 are most highly expressed in the internodal tissue as well as in the isolated vascular bundles. The inset in FIG. 10 shows cellulose concentration in the elongation and transition zones and the vascular bundles from an elongating internode. The expression pattern of two of the genes, CesA10 and CesA11, parallels the cellulose concentration in these three tissues. CesA12, however, is expressed at a lower level than expected in the vascular bundles if its protein were to form a functional complex with the proteins of CesA10 and CesA11.

[0326] None of the remaining eight CesA genes is significantly expressed in the vascular bundles (FIG. 10). In general, the expression of these genes is highest in the elongation zone of the stalk tissue. Low-level expression of these genes in the vascular bundle library could be real but could also be because of the contaminating parenchymatous cells. CesA1, CesA6, CesA7, and CesA8 may be responsible for making cellulose in the non-vascular, ground tissue cells in the maize stalk.

[0327] As implied by the correlation coefficients among the expression patterns of these genes, CesA10 and CesA11 seem to have nearly identical expression patterns across the three tissues examined in detail, whereas CesA12 is expressed at a lower level in the vascular bundles than in the total tissue from the transition zone (FIG. 10). CESA12 is also evolutionarily more distant from both CESA10 and CESA11 than the latter two are from each other and is actually closer to CESA6, 7, and 8 (FIG. 4). This implies that CesA12, in addition to its expression in the vascular bundles, is also expressed in the non-vascular cells. Since it is expressed at a higher level in the transition zone than the elongation zone or any other tissue, it is most likely expressed in the sclerenchymatous cells surrounding the vascular bundles in the hypodermis. This supports the hypothesis that, at least for secondary wall formation, only two different coexpressed genes may be needed in the same cell type for the formation of a functional cellulose synthase complex.

[0328] The above examples are provided to illustrate the invention but not to limit its scope. Other variants of the invention will be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art and are encompassed by the appended claims. All publications, patents, patent applications, and computer programs cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

1 52 1 3780 DNA Zea mays 1 gtcgacccac gcgtccgcag cagcagaagc actgcgcggc attgcagcga tcgagcggga 60 ggaatttggg gcatggtggt cgccaacgcc gctcggatct agaggcccgc acgggccgat 120 tggtctccgc ccgcctcgtc ggtgttggtg tcgttggcgt gtggagccgt ctcggtggga 180 gcagcgggga gggagcggag atggcggcca acaaggggat ggtggcgggc tcgcacaacc 240 gcaacgagtt cgtcatgatc cgccacgacg gcgatgtgcc gggctcggct aagcccacaa 300 agagtgcgaa tggacaggtc tgccagattt gcggtgactc tgtgggtgtt tcagccactg 360 gtgatgtctt tgttgcctgc aatgagtgtg ccttccctgt ctgccgccca tgctatgagt 420 atgagcgcaa ggaggggaac caatgctgcc cccagtgcaa gactagatac aagagacaga 480 aaggtagccc tcgagttcat ggtgatgagg atgaggaaga tgttgatgac ctagacaatg 540 aattcaacta caagcaaggc agtgggaaag gcccagagtg gcaactgcaa ggagatgatg 600 ctgatctgtc ttcatctgct cgccatgagc cacatcatcg gattccacgc ctgacaagcg 660 gtcaacagat atctggagag attcctgatg cttcccctga ccgtcattct atccgcagtc 720 caacatcgag ctatgttgat ccaagcgtcc cagttcctgt gaggattgtg gacccctcga 780 aggacttgaa ttcctatggg cttaatagtg ttgactggaa ggaaagagtt gagagctgga 840 gggttaaaca ggacaaaaat atgatgcaag tgactaataa atatccagag gctagaggag 900 gagacatgga ggggactggc tcaaatggag aagatatgca aatggttgat gatgcacggc 960 tacctttgag ccgtatcgtg ccaatttcct caaaccagct caacctttac cgggtagtga 1020 tcattctccg tcttatcatc ctgtgcttct tcttccagta tcgtgtcagt catccagtgc 1080 gtgatgctta tggattatgg ctagtatctg ttatctgcga ggtctggttt gccttgtctt 1140 ggcttctaga tcagttccca aaatggtatc caatcaaccg tgagacatat cttgacaggc 1200 ttgcattgag gtatgataga gagggagagc catcacagct ggctcccatt gatgtcttcg 1260 tcagtacagt ggatccattg aaggaacctc cactgatcac agccaacact gttttgtcca 1320 ttctttctgt ggattaccct gttgacaaag tgtcatgcta tgtttctgat gatggttcag 1380 ctatgctgac ttttgagtct ctctcagaaa ccgcagaatt tgctagaaag tgggttccct 1440 tttgtaagaa gcacaatatt gaaccaagag ctccagaatt ttactttgct caaaaaatag 1500 attacctgaa ggacaaaatt caaccttcat ttgttaagga aagacgcgca atgaagaggg 1560 agtatgaaga attcaaagta agaatcaatg cccttgttgc caaagcacag aaagtgcctg 1620 aagaggggtg gaccatggct gatggaactg catggcctgg gaataatcct agggaccatc 1680 ctggcatgat tcaggttttc ttggggcaca gtggtgggct cgacactgat ggaaatgagt 1740 taccacgtct tgtctatgtc tctcgtgaaa agagaccagg ctttcagcat cacaagaagg 1800 ctggtgcaat gaatgcgctg attcgtgtat ctgctgtgct gacaaatggt gcctatcttc 1860 tcaatgtgga ttgcgaccat tacttcaata gcagcaaagc tcttagagaa gcaatgtgct 1920 tcatgatgga tccggctcta ggaaggaaaa cttgttatgt acaatttcca cagagatttg 1980 atggcattga cttgcacgat cgatatgcta atcggaacat agttttcttt gatatcaaca 2040 tgaaaggtct ggatggcatt cagggtccag tttacgtggg aacaggatgc tgtttcaata 2100 gacaggcttt gtatggatac gatcctgttt tgactgaagc tgatctggag ccaaacattg 2160 ttattaagag ctgctgtggt agaaggaaga aaaagaacaa gagttatatg gatagtcaaa 2220 gccgtattat gaagagaaca gaatcttcag ctcccatctt caatatggaa gacatcgaag 2280 agggtattga aggttacgag gatgaaaggt cagtgcttat gtcccagagg aaattggaga 2340 aacgctttgg tcagtctcct attttcattg catccacctt tatgacacaa ggtggcatac 2400 caccttcaac aaacccagct tctctactaa aggaagctat ccatgtcatc agttgtggat 2460 atgaggacaa aactgaatgg ggaaaagaga ttggctggat ctatggttca gtaacggagg 2520 atattctgac tgggtttaaa atgcatgcaa ggggctggca atcaatctac tgcatgccac 2580 cacgaccttg tttcaagggt tctgcaccaa tcaatctttc cgatcgtctt aatcaggtgc 2640 tccgttgggc tcttgggtca gtggaaattc tgcttagtag acattgtcct atctggtatg 2700 gttacaatgg acgattgaag cttttggaga ggctggctta catcaacact attgtatatc 2760 caatcacatc cattccgctt attgcctatt gtgtgcttcc cgctatctgc ctccttacca 2820 ataaatttat cattcctgag attagcaatt atgctgggat gttcttcatt cttcttttcg 2880 cctccatttt tgccactggt atattggagc ttagatggag tggtgttggc attgaagatt 2940 ggtggagaaa tgagcagttt tgggttattg gtggcacctc tgcccatctc ttcgcagtgt 3000 tccagggtct gctgaaagtg ttggctggga ttgataccaa cttcacagtt acctcaaagg 3060 catctgatga ggatggcgac tttgctgagc tatatgtgtt caagtggacc agtttgctca 3120 ttcctccgac cactgttctt gtcattaacc tggtcggaat ggtggcagga atttcttatg 3180 ccattaacag tggctaccaa tcctggggtc cgctctttgg aaagctgttc ttctcgatct 3240 gggtgatcct ccatctctac cccttcctca agggtctcat gggaaggcag aaccgcacac 3300 caacaatcgt cattgtctgg tccatccttc ttgcatctat cttctccttg ctgtgggtga 3360 agatcgatcc tttcatctcc ccgacacaga aagctgctgc cttggggcaa tgtggcgtca 3420 actgctgatc gagacagtga ctcttatttg aagaggctca atcaagatct gccccctcgt 3480 gtaaatacct gaggaggcta gatgggaatt ccttttgttg taggtgagga tggatttgca 3540 tctaagttat gcctctgttc attagcttct tccgtgccgg tgctgctgcg gactaagaat 3600 cacggagcct ttctaccttc catgtagcgc cagccagcag cgtaagatgt gaattttgaa 3660 gttttgttat gcgtgcagtt tattgtttta gagtaaatta tcatttgttt gtgggaactg 3720 ttcacacgag cttataatgg caatgctgtt atttaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa gggcggccgc 3780 2 1075 PRT Zea mays 2 Met Ala Ala Asn Lys Gly Met Val Ala Gly Ser His Asn Arg Asn Glu 1 5 10 15 Phe Val Met Ile Arg His Asp Gly Asp Val Pro Gly Ser Ala Lys Pro 20 25 30 Thr Lys Ser Ala Asn Gly Gln Val Cys Gln Ile Cys Gly Asp Ser Val 35 40 45 Gly Val Ser Ala Thr Gly Asp Val Phe Val Ala Cys Asn Glu Cys Ala 50 55 60 Phe Pro Val Cys Arg Pro Cys Tyr Glu Tyr Glu Arg Lys Glu Gly Asn 65 70 75 80 Gln Cys Cys Pro Gln Cys Lys Thr Arg Tyr Lys Arg Gln Lys Gly Ser 85 90 95 Pro Arg Val His Gly Asp Glu Asp Glu Glu Asp Val Asp Asp Leu Asp 100 105 110 Asn Glu Phe Asn Tyr Lys Gln Gly Ser Gly Lys Gly Pro Glu Trp Gln 115 120 125 Leu Gln Gly Asp Asp Ala Asp Leu Ser Ser Ser Ala Arg His Glu Pro 130 135 140 His His Arg Ile Pro Arg Leu Thr Ser Gly Gln Gln Ile Ser Gly Glu 145 150 155 160 Ile Pro Asp Ala Ser Pro Asp Arg His Ser Ile Arg Ser Pro Thr Ser 165 170 175 Ser Tyr Val Asp Pro Ser Val Pro Val Pro Val Arg Ile Val Asp Pro 180 185 190 Ser Lys Asp Leu Asn Ser Tyr Gly Leu Asn Ser Val Asp Trp Lys Glu 195 200 205 Arg Val Glu Ser Trp Arg Val Lys Gln Asp Lys Asn Met Met Gln Val 210 215 220 Thr Asn Lys Tyr Pro Glu Ala Arg Gly Gly Asp Met Glu Gly Thr Gly 225 230 235 240 Ser Asn Gly Glu Asp Met Gln Met Val Asp Asp Ala Arg Leu Pro Leu 245 250 255 Ser Arg Ile Val Pro Ile Ser Ser Asn Gln Leu Asn Leu Tyr Arg Val 260 265 270 Val Ile Ile Leu Arg Leu Ile Ile Leu Cys Phe Phe Phe Gln Tyr Arg 275 280 285 Val Ser His Pro Val Arg Asp Ala Tyr Gly Leu Trp Leu Val Ser Val 290 295 300 Ile Cys Glu Val Trp Phe Ala Leu Ser Trp Leu Leu Asp Gln Phe Pro 305 310 315 320 Lys Trp Tyr Pro Ile Asn Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Asp Arg Leu Ala Leu 325 330 335 Arg Tyr Asp Arg Glu Gly Glu Pro Ser Gln Leu Ala Pro Ile Asp Val 340 345 350 Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp Pro Leu Lys Glu Pro Pro Leu Ile Thr Ala 355 360 365 Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile Leu Ser Val Asp Tyr Pro Val Asp Lys Val 370 375 380 Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp Asp Gly Ser Ala Met Leu Thr Phe Glu Ser 385 390 395 400 Leu Ser Glu Thr Ala Glu Phe Ala Arg Lys Trp Val Pro Phe Cys Lys 405 410 415 Lys His Asn Ile Glu Pro Arg Ala Pro Glu Phe Tyr Phe Ala Gln Lys 420 425 430 Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp Lys Ile Gln Pro Ser Phe Val Lys Glu Arg 435 440 445 Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Glu Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys Val Arg Ile Asn Ala 450 455 460 Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Gln Lys Val Pro Glu Glu Gly Trp Thr Met Ala 465 470 475 480 Asp Gly Thr Ala Trp Pro Gly Asn Asn Pro Arg Asp His Pro Gly Met 485 490 495 Ile Gln Val Phe Leu Gly His Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Thr Asp Gly Asn 500 505 510 Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Lys Arg Pro Gly Phe 515 520 525 Gln His His Lys Lys Ala Gly Ala Met Asn Ala Leu Ile Arg Val Ser 530 535 540 Ala Val Leu Thr Asn Gly Ala Tyr Leu Leu Asn Val Asp Cys Asp His 545 550 555 560 Tyr Phe Asn Ser Ser Lys Ala Leu Arg Glu Ala Met Cys Phe Met Met 565 570 575 Asp Pro Ala Leu Gly Arg Lys Thr Cys Tyr Val Gln Phe Pro Gln Arg 580 585 590 Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Leu His Asp Arg Tyr Ala Asn Arg Asn Ile Val 595 600 605 Phe Phe Asp Ile Asn Met Lys Gly Leu Asp Gly Ile Gln Gly Pro Val 610 615 620 Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys Cys Phe Asn Arg Gln Ala Leu Tyr Gly Tyr 625 630 635 640 Asp Pro Val Leu Thr Glu Ala Asp Leu Glu Pro Asn Ile Val Ile Lys 645 650 655 Ser Cys Cys Gly Arg Arg Lys Lys Lys Asn Lys Ser Tyr Met Asp Ser 660 665 670 Gln Ser Arg Ile Met Lys Arg Thr Glu Ser Ser Ala Pro Ile Phe Asn 675 680 685 Met Glu Asp Ile Glu Glu Gly Ile Glu Gly Tyr Glu Asp Glu Arg Ser 690 695 700 Val Leu Met Ser Gln Arg Lys Leu Glu Lys Arg Phe Gly Gln Ser Pro 705 710 715 720 Ile Phe Ile Ala Ser Thr Phe Met Thr Gln Gly Gly Ile Pro Pro Ser 725 730 735 Thr Asn Pro Ala Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Ile His Val Ile Ser Cys 740 745 750 Gly Tyr Glu Asp Lys Thr Glu Trp Gly Lys Glu Ile Gly Trp Ile Tyr 755 760 765 Gly Ser Val Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe Lys Met His Ala Arg 770 775 780 Gly Trp Gln Ser Ile Tyr Cys Met Pro Pro Arg Pro Cys Phe Lys Gly 785 790 795 800 Ser Ala Pro Ile Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Leu Asn Gln Val Leu Arg Trp 805 810 815 Ala Leu Gly Ser Val Glu Ile Leu Leu Ser Arg His Cys Pro Ile Trp 820 825 830 Tyr Gly Tyr Asn Gly Arg Leu Lys Leu Leu Glu Arg Leu Ala Tyr Ile 835 840 845 Asn Thr Ile Val Tyr Pro Ile Thr Ser Ile Pro Leu Ile Ala Tyr Cys 850 855 860 Val Leu Pro Ala Ile Cys Leu Leu Thr Asn Lys Phe Ile Ile Pro Glu 865 870 875 880 Ile Ser Asn Tyr Ala Gly Met Phe Phe Ile Leu Leu Phe Ala Ser Ile 885 890 895 Phe Ala Thr Gly Ile Leu Glu Leu Arg Trp Ser Gly Val Gly Ile Glu 900 905 910 Asp Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile Gly Gly Thr Ser Ala 915 920 925 His Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Gln Gly Leu Leu Lys Val Leu Ala Gly Ile 930 935 940 Asp Thr Asn Phe Thr Val Thr Ser Lys Ala Ser Asp Glu Asp Gly Asp 945 950 955 960 Phe Ala Glu Leu Tyr Val Phe Lys Trp Thr Ser Leu Leu Ile Pro Pro 965 970 975 Thr Thr Val Leu Val Ile Asn Leu Val Gly Met Val Ala Gly Ile Ser 980 985 990 Tyr Ala Ile Asn Ser Gly Tyr Gln Ser Trp Gly Pro Leu Phe Gly Lys 995 1000 1005 Leu Phe Phe Ser Ile Trp Val Ile Leu His Leu Tyr Pro Phe Leu Lys 1010 1015 1020 Gly Leu Met Gly Arg Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Ile Val Ile Val Trp 1025 1030 1035 1040 Ser Ile Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Phe Ser Leu Leu Trp Val Lys Ile Asp 1045 1050 1055 Pro Phe Ile Ser Pro Thr Gln Lys Ala Ala Ala Leu Gly Gln Cys Gly 1060 1065 1070 Val Asn Cys 1075 3 25 DNA Zea mays 3 atggcggcca acaaggggat ggtgg 25 4 25 DNA Zea mays 4 tcagcagttg acgccacatt gcccc 25 5 2830 DNA Zea mays misc_feature 2809, 2818, 2824, 2826, 2829 n = A,T,C or G 5 tacctctaag tcgcatagtt ccgatatctc caaacgagct taacctttat cggatcgtga 60 ttgttctccg gcttatcatc ctatgtttct tctttcaata tcgtataact catccagtgg 120 aagatgctta tgggttgtgg cttgtatctg ttatttgtga agtttggttt gccttgtctt 180 ggcttctaga tcagttccca aagtggtatc ctatcaaccg tgaaacttac ctcgatagac 240 ttgcattgag atatgatagg gagggtgagc catcccagtt ggctccaatc gatgtctttg 300 ttagtacagt ggatccactt aaggaacctc ctctaattac tggcaacact gtcctgtcca 360 ttcttgctgt ggattaccct gttgacaaag tatcatgtta tgtttctgat gacggttcag 420 ctatgttgac ttttgaagcg ctatctgaaa ccgcagagtt tgcaaggaaa tgggttccct 480 tttgcaagaa acacaatatt gaacctaggg ctccagagtt ttactttgct cgaaagatag 540 attacctaaa ggacaaaata caaccttctt ttgtgaaaga aaggcgggct atgaagaggg 600 agtgtgaaga gttcaaagta cggatcgatg cccttgttgc aaaagcgcaa aaaatacctg 660 aggagggctg gaccatggct gatggcactc cttggcctgg gaataaccct agagatcatc 720 caggaatgat ccaagtattc ttgggccaca gtggtgggct tgacacggat gggaatgagt 780 tgccacggct tgtttatgtt tctcgtgaaa agaggccagg cttccagcac cacaagaagg 840 ctggtgccat gaatgctttg attcgcgtat cagctgtcct gacgaatggt gcttatcttc 900 ttaatgtgga ttgtgatcac tacttcaata gcagcaaagc tcttagagag gctatgtgtt 960 tcatgatgga tccagcacta ggaaggaaaa cttgctatgt tcagtttcca caaagatttg 1020 atggtataga cttgcatgat cgatatgcaa accggaacat tgtcttcttt gatattaata 1080 tgaagggtct agatggcatt caaggacctg tttatgtggg aacaggatgc tgtttcaata 1140 ggcaggcctt gtatggctat gatcctgtat tgacagaagc tgatttggag cctaacatta 1200 tcattaaaag ttgctgtggc ggaagaaaaa agaaggacaa gagctatatt gattccaaaa 1260 accgtgatat gaagagaaca gaatcttcgg ctcccatctt caacatggaa gatatagaag 1320 agggatttga aggttacgag gatgaaaggt cactgcttat gtctcagaag agcttggaga 1380 aacgctttgg ccagtctcca atttttattg catccacctt tatgactcaa ggtggcatac 1440 ccccttcaac aaacccaggt tccctgctaa aggaagctat acatgtcatt agttgtggat 1500 atgaggataa aacagaatgg gggaaagaga tcggatggat atatggctct gttactgaag 1560 atattttaac tggtttcaag atgcatgcaa gaggttggat atccatctac tgcatgccac 1620 ttcggccttg cttcaagggt tctgctccaa ttaatctttc tgatcgtctc aaccaagtgt 1680 tacgctgggc tcttggttca gttgaaattc tacttagcag acactgtcct atctggtatg 1740 gttacaatgg aaggctaaag cttctggaga gactggcata catcaacacc attgtttatc 1800 caattacatc tatcccacta gtagcatact gcgtccttcc tgctatctgt ttactcacca 1860 acaaatttat tattcctgcg attagcaatt atgctggggc gttcttcatc ctgctttttg 1920 cttccatctt cgccactggt attttggagc ttcgatggag tggtgttggc attgaggatt 1980 ggtggagaaa tgagcagttt tgggtcattg gtggcacctc tgcacatctc tttgctgtgt 2040 tccaaggtct cttaaaagtg ctagcaggga tcgacacaaa cttcacggtc acatcaaagg 2100 caaccgatga tgatggtgat tttgctgagc tgtatgtgtt caagtggaca actcttctga 2160 tcccccccac cactgtgctt gtgattaacc tggttggtat agtggctgga gtgtcgtatg 2220 ctatcaacag tggctaccaa tcatggggtc cactattcgg gaagctgttc tttgcaatct 2280 gggtgatcct ccacctctac cctttcctga agggtctcat ggggaagcag aaccgcacac 2340 cgaccatcgt catcgtttgg tccgtccttc ttgcttccat attctcgctg ctgtgggtga 2400 agatcgaccc cttcatatcc cctacccaga aggctctttc ccgtgggcag tgtggtgtaa 2460 actgctgaaa tgatccgaac tgcctgctga ataacattgc tccggcacaa tcatgatcta 2520 ccccttcgtg taaataccag aggttaggca agacttttct tggtaggtgg cgaagatgtg 2580 tcgtttaagt tcactctact gcatttgggg tgggcagcat gaaactttgt caacttatgt 2640 cgtgctactt atttgtagct aagtagcagt aagtagtgcc tgtttcatgt tgactgtcgt 2700 gactacctgt tcaccgtggg ctctggactg tcgtgatgta acctgtatgt tggaacttca 2760 agtactgatt gagctgtttg gtcaatgaca ttgagggatt ctctctctng aaattaanac 2820 aaantnggnt 2830 6 821 PRT Zea mays 6 Pro Leu Ser Arg Ile Val Pro Ile Ser Pro Asn Glu Leu Asn Leu Tyr 1 5 10 15 Arg Ile Val Ile Val Leu Arg Leu Ile Ile Leu Cys Phe Phe Phe Gln 20 25 30 Tyr Arg Ile Thr His Pro Val Glu Asp Ala Tyr Gly Leu Trp Leu Val 35 40 45 Ser Val Ile Cys Glu Val Trp Phe Ala Leu Ser Trp Leu Leu Asp Gln 50 55 60 Phe Pro Lys Trp Tyr Pro Ile Asn Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Asp Arg Leu 65 70 75 80 Ala Leu Arg Tyr Asp Arg Glu Gly Glu Pro Ser Gln Leu Ala Pro Ile 85 90 95 Asp Val Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp Pro Leu Lys Glu Pro Pro Leu Ile 100 105 110 Thr Gly Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile Leu Ala Val Asp Tyr Pro Val Asp 115 120 125 Lys Val Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp Asp Gly Ser Ala Met Leu Thr Phe 130 135 140 Glu Ala Leu Ser Glu Thr Ala Glu Phe Ala Arg Lys Trp Val Pro Phe 145 150 155 160 Cys Lys Lys His Asn Ile Glu Pro Arg Ala Pro Glu Phe Tyr Phe Ala 165 170 175 Arg Lys Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp Lys Ile Gln Pro Ser Phe Val Lys 180 185 190 Glu Arg Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Glu Cys Glu Glu Phe Lys Val Arg Ile 195 200 205 Asp Ala Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Gln Lys Ile Pro Glu Glu Gly Trp Thr 210 215 220 Met Ala Asp Gly Thr Pro Trp Pro Gly Asn Asn Pro Arg Asp His Pro 225 230 235 240 Gly Met Ile Gln Val Phe Leu Gly His Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Thr Asp 245 250 255 Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Lys Arg Pro 260 265 270 Gly Phe Gln His His Lys Lys Ala Gly Ala Met Asn Ala Leu Ile Arg 275 280 285 Val Ser Ala Val Leu Thr Asn Gly Ala Tyr Leu Leu Asn Val Asp Cys 290 295 300 Asp His Tyr Phe Asn Ser Ser Lys Ala Leu Arg Glu Ala Met Cys Phe 305 310 315 320 Met Met Asp Pro Ala Leu Gly Arg Lys Thr Cys Tyr Val Gln Phe Pro 325 330 335 Gln Arg Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Leu His Asp Arg Tyr Ala Asn Arg Asn 340 345 350 Ile Val Phe Phe Asp Ile Asn Met Lys Gly Leu Asp Gly Ile Gln Gly 355 360 365 Pro Val Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys Cys Phe Asn Arg Gln Ala Leu Tyr 370 375 380 Gly Tyr Asp Pro Val Leu Thr Glu Ala Asp Leu Glu Pro Asn Ile Ile 385 390 395 400 Ile Lys Ser Cys Cys Gly Gly Arg Lys Lys Lys Asp Lys Ser Tyr Ile 405 410 415 Asp Ser Lys Asn Arg Asp Met Lys Arg Thr Glu Ser Ser Ala Pro Ile 420 425 430 Phe Asn Met Glu Asp Ile Glu Glu Gly Phe Glu Gly Tyr Glu Asp Glu 435 440 445 Arg Ser Leu Leu Met Ser Gln Lys Ser Leu Glu Lys Arg Phe Gly Gln 450 455 460 Ser Pro Ile Phe Ile Ala Ser Thr Phe Met Thr Gln Gly Gly Ile Pro 465 470 475 480 Pro Ser Thr Asn Pro Gly Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Ile His Val Ile 485 490 495 Ser Cys Gly Tyr Glu Asp Lys Thr Glu Trp Gly Lys Glu Ile Gly Trp 500 505 510 Ile Tyr Gly Ser Val Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe Lys Met His 515 520 525 Ala Arg Gly Trp Ile Ser Ile Tyr Cys Met Pro Leu Arg Pro Cys Phe 530 535 540 Lys Gly Ser Ala Pro Ile Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Leu Asn Gln Val Leu 545 550 555 560 Arg Trp Ala Leu Gly Ser Val Glu Ile Leu Leu Ser Arg His Cys Pro 565 570 575 Ile Trp Tyr Gly Tyr Asn Gly Arg Leu Lys Leu Leu Glu Arg Leu Ala 580 585 590 Tyr Ile Asn Thr Ile Val Tyr Pro Ile Thr Ser Ile Pro Leu Val Ala 595 600 605 Tyr Cys Val Leu Pro Ala Ile Cys Leu Leu Thr Asn Lys Phe Ile Ile 610 615 620 Pro Ala Ile Ser Asn Tyr Ala Gly Ala Phe Phe Ile Leu Leu Phe Ala 625 630 635 640 Ser Ile Phe Ala Thr Gly Ile Leu Glu Leu Arg Trp Ser Gly Val Gly 645 650 655 Ile Glu Asp Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile Gly Gly Thr 660 665 670 Ser Ala His Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Gln Gly Leu Leu Lys Val Leu Ala 675 680 685 Gly Ile Asp Thr Asn Phe Thr Val Thr Ser Lys Ala Thr Asp Asp Asp 690 695 700 Gly Asp Phe Ala Glu Leu Tyr Val Phe Lys Trp Thr Thr Leu Leu Ile 705 710 715 720 Pro Pro Thr Thr Val Leu Val Ile Asn Leu Val Gly Ile Val Ala Gly 725 730 735 Val Ser Tyr Ala Ile Asn Ser Gly Tyr Gln Ser Trp Gly Pro Leu Phe 740 745 750 Gly Lys Leu Phe Phe Ala Ile Trp Val Ile Leu His Leu Tyr Pro Phe 755 760 765 Leu Lys Gly Leu Met Gly Lys Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Ile Val Ile 770 775 780 Val Trp Ser Val Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Phe Ser Leu Leu Trp Val Lys 785 790 795 800 Ile Asp Pro Phe Ile Ser Pro Thr Gln Lys Ala Leu Ser Arg Gly Gln 805 810 815 Cys Gly Val Asn Cys 820 7 25 DNA Zea mays 7 cctctaagtc gcatagttcc gatat 25 8 25 DNA Zea mays 8 tcagcagttt acaccacact gccca 25 9 3773 DNA Zea mays 9 gtcgacccac gcgtccgcta ggatcaaaac cgtctcgccg ctgcaataat cttttgtcaa 60 ttcttaatcc ctcgcgtcga cagcgacagc ggaaccaact cacgttgccg cggcttcctc 120 catcggtgcg gtgccctgtc cttttctctc gtccctcctc cccccgtata gttaagcccc 180 gccccgctac tactactact agcagcagca gcgctctcgc agcgggagat gcggtgttga 240 tccgtgcccc gctcggatct cgggactggt gccggctctg cccaggcccc aggctccagg 300 ccagctccct cgacgtttct cggcgagctc gcttgccatg gagggcgacg cggacggcgt 360 gaagtcgggg aggcgcggtg gcggacaggt gtgccagatc tgcggcgacg gcgtgggcac 420 cacggcggag ggggacgtct tcgccgcctg cgacgtctgc gggtttccgg tgtgccgccc 480 ctgctacgag tacgagcgca aggacggcac gcaggcgtgc ccccagtgca agaccaagta 540 caagcgccac aaggggagcc cggcgatccg tggggaggaa ggagacgaca ctgatgccga 600 tagcgacttc aattaccttg catctggcaa tgaggaccag aagcagaaga ttgccgacag 660 aatgcgcagc tggcgcatga acgttggggg cagcggggat gttggtcgcc ccaagtatga 720 cagtggcgag atcgggctta ccaagtatga cagtggcgag attcctcggg gatacatccc 780 atcagtcact aacagccaga tctcaggaga aatccctggt gcttcccctg accatcatat 840 gatgtcccca actgggaaca ttggcaagcg tgctccattt ccctatgtga accattcgcc 900 aaatccgtca agggagttct ctggtagcat tgggaatgtt gcctggaaag agagggttga 960 tggctggaaa atgaagcagg acaaggggac gattcccatg acgaatggca caagcattgc 1020 tccctctgag ggtcggggtg ttggtgatat tgatgcatca actgattaca acatggaaga 1080 tgccttattg aacgacgaaa ctcgacagcc tctatctagg aaagttccac ttccttcctc 1140 caggataaat ccatacagga tggtcattgt gctgcgattg attgttctaa gcatcttctt 1200 gcactaccgt atcacaaatc ctgtgcgcaa tgcataccca ttatggcttc tatctgttat 1260 atgtgagatc tggtttgctc tttcgtggat attggatcag ttccctaagt ggtttccaat 1320 caaccgggag acgtaccttg ataggctggc attaaggtat gaccgggaag gtgagccatc 1380 tcagttggct gctgttgaca ttttcgtcag tacagtcgac ccaatgaagg agcctcctct 1440 tgtcactgcc aataccgtgc tatccattct tgctgtggat taccctgtgg ataaggtctc 1500 ttgctatgta tctgatgatg gagctgcgat gctgacattt gatgcactag ctgagacttc 1560 agagtttgct agaaaatggg taccatttgt taagaagtac aacattgaac ctagagctcc 1620 tgaatggtac ttctcccaga aaattgatta cttgaaggac aaagtgcacc cttcatttgt 1680 taaagaccgc cgggccatga agagagaata tgaagaattc aaagttaggg taaatggcct 1740 tgttgctaag gcacagaaag ttcctgagga aggatggatc atgcaagatg gcacaccatg 1800 gccaggaaac aataccaggg accatcctgg aatgattcag gttttccttg gtcacagtgg 1860 tggccttgat actgagggca atgagctacc ccgtttggtc tatgtttctc gtgaaaagcg 1920 tcctggattc cagcatcaca agaaagctgg tgccatgaat gctcttgttc gtgtctcagc 1980 tgtgcttacc aatggacaat acatgttgaa tcttgattgt gatcactaca ttaacaacag 2040 taaggctctc agggaagcta tgtgcttcct tatggaccct aacctaggaa ggagtgtctg 2100 ctacgtccag tttccccaga gattcgatgg cattgacagg aatgatcgat atgccaacag 2160 gaacaccgtg tttttcgata ttaacttgag aggtcttgat ggcatccaag gaccagttta 2220 tgtcggaact ggctgtgttt tcaaccgaac agctctatat ggttatgagc ccccaattaa 2280 gcagaagaag ggtggtttct tgtcatcact atgtggcggt aggaagaagg caagcaaatc 2340 aaagaagggc tcggacaaga agaagtcgca gaagcatgtg gacagttctg tgccagtatt 2400 caaccttgaa gatatagagg agggagttga aggcgctgga tttgacgacg agaaatcact 2460 tcttatgtct caaatgagcc tggagaagag atttggccag tccgcagcgt ttgttgcctc 2520 cactctgatg gagtatggtg gtgttcctca gtccgcaact ccggagtctc ttctgaaaga 2580 agctatccat gttataagct gtggctatga ggacaagact gaatggggaa ctgagatcgg 2640 gtggatctac ggttctgtga cagaagacat tctcaccgga ttcaagatgc acgcgcgagg 2700 ctggcggtcg atctactgca tgcccaagcg gccagctttc aaggggtctg cccccatcaa 2760 tctttcggac cgtctgaacc aggtgctccg gtgggctctt gggtccgtgg agatcctctt 2820 cagccggcac tgccccctgt ggtacggcta cggagggcgg ctcaagttcc tggagagatt 2880 cgcgtacatc aacaccacca tctacccgct cacgtccatc ccgcttctca tctactgcat 2940 cctgcccgcc atctgtctgc tcaccggaaa gttcatcatt ccagagatca gcaacttcgc 3000 cagcatctgg ttcatctccc tcttcatctc gatcttcgcc acgggcatcc tggagatgag 3060 gtggagcggg gtgggcatcg acgagtggtg gaggaacgag cagttctggg tgatcggggg 3120 catctccgcg cacctcttcg ccgtgttcca gggcctgctc aaggtgctgg ccggcatcga 3180 caccaacttc accgtcacct ccaaggcctc ggacgaggac ggcgacttcg cggagctgta 3240 catgttcaag tggacgacgc tcctgatccc gcccaccacc atcctgatca tcaacctggt 3300 cggcgtcgtc gccggcatct cctacgccat caacagcgga taccagtcgt ggggcccgct 3360 cttcggcaag ctcttcttcg ccttctgggt catcgtccac ctgtacccgt tcctcaaggg 3420 cctcatgggc aggcagaacc gcaccccgac catcgtcgtc gtctgggcca tcctgctggc 3480 gtccatcttc tccttgctgt gggttcgcat cgaccccttc accacccgcg tcactggccc 3540 ggatacccag acgtgtggca tcaactgcta gggaagtgga aggtttgtac tttgtagaaa 3600 cggaggaata ccacgtgcca tctgttgtct gttaagttat atatatataa gcagcaagtg 3660 gcgttattta cagctacgta cagaccagtg gatattgttt accacaaagt tttacttgtg 3720 ttaatatgca ttcttttgtt gatataaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaagggcggc cgc 3773 10 1077 PRT Zea mays 10 Met Glu Gly Asp Ala Asp Gly Val Lys Ser Gly Arg Arg Gly Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Gln Val Cys Gln Ile Cys Gly Asp Gly Val Gly Thr Thr Ala Glu Gly 20 25 30 Asp Val Phe Ala Ala Cys Asp Val Cys Gly Phe Pro Val Cys Arg Pro 35 40 45 Cys Tyr Glu Tyr Glu Arg Lys Asp Gly Thr Gln Ala Cys Pro Gln Cys 50 55 60 Lys Thr Lys Tyr Lys Arg His Lys Gly Ser Pro Ala Ile Arg Gly Glu 65 70 75 80 Glu Gly Asp Asp Thr Asp Ala Asp Ser Asp Phe Asn Tyr Leu Ala Ser 85 90 95 Gly Asn Glu Asp Gln Lys Gln Lys Ile Ala Asp Arg Met Arg Ser Trp 100 105 110 Arg Met Asn Val Gly Gly Ser Gly Asp Val Gly Arg Pro Lys Tyr Asp 115 120 125 Ser Gly Glu Ile Gly Leu Thr Lys Tyr Asp Ser Gly Glu Ile Pro Arg 130 135 140 Gly Tyr Ile Pro Ser Val Thr Asn Ser Gln Ile Ser Gly Glu Ile Pro 145 150 155 160 Gly Ala Ser Pro Asp His His Met Met Ser Pro Thr Gly Asn Ile Gly 165 170 175 Lys Arg Ala Pro Phe Pro Tyr Val Asn His Ser Pro Asn Pro Ser Arg 180 185 190 Glu Phe Ser Gly Ser Ile Gly Asn Val Ala Trp Lys Glu Arg Val Asp 195 200 205 Gly Trp Lys Met Lys Gln Asp Lys Gly Thr Ile Pro Met Thr Asn Gly 210 215 220 Thr Ser Ile Ala Pro Ser Glu Gly Arg Gly Val Gly Asp Ile Asp Ala 225 230 235 240 Ser Thr Asp Tyr Asn Met Glu Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Asp Glu Thr Arg 245 250 255 Gln Pro Leu Ser Arg Lys Val Pro Leu Pro Ser Ser Arg Ile Asn Pro 260 265 270 Tyr Arg Met Val Ile Val Leu Arg Leu Ile Val Leu Ser Ile Phe Leu 275 280 285 His Tyr Arg Ile Thr Asn Pro Val Arg Asn Ala Tyr Pro Leu Trp Leu 290 295 300 Leu Ser Val Ile Cys Glu Ile Trp Phe Ala Leu Ser Trp Ile Leu Asp 305 310 315 320 Gln Phe Pro Lys Trp Phe Pro Ile Asn Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Asp Arg 325 330 335 Leu Ala Leu Arg Tyr Asp Arg Glu Gly Glu Pro Ser Gln Leu Ala Ala 340 345 350 Val Asp Ile Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp Pro Met Lys Glu Pro Pro Leu 355 360 365 Val Thr Ala Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile Leu Ala Val Asp Tyr Pro Val 370 375 380 Asp Lys Val Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp Asp Gly Ala Ala Met Leu Thr 385 390 395 400 Phe Asp Ala Leu Ala Glu Thr Ser Glu Phe Ala Arg Lys Trp Val Pro 405 410 415 Phe Val Lys Lys Tyr Asn Ile Glu Pro Arg Ala Pro Glu Trp Tyr Phe 420 425 430 Ser Gln Lys Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp Lys Val His Pro Ser Phe Val 435 440 445 Lys Asp Arg Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Glu Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys Val Arg 450 455 460 Val Asn Gly Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Gln Lys Val Pro Glu Glu Gly Trp 465 470 475 480 Ile Met Gln Asp Gly Thr Pro Trp Pro Gly Asn Asn Thr Arg Asp His 485 490 495 Pro Gly Met Ile Gln Val Phe Leu Gly His Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Thr 500 505 510 Glu Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Lys Arg 515 520 525 Pro Gly Phe Gln His His Lys Lys Ala Gly Ala Met Asn Ala Leu Val 530 535 540 Arg Val Ser Ala Val Leu Thr Asn Gly Gln Tyr Met Leu Asn Leu Asp 545 550 555 560 Cys Asp His Tyr Ile Asn Asn Ser Lys Ala Leu Arg Glu Ala Met Cys 565 570 575 Phe Leu Met Asp Pro Asn Leu Gly Arg Ser Val Cys Tyr Val Gln Phe 580 585 590 Pro Gln Arg Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Arg Asn Asp Arg Tyr Ala Asn Arg 595 600 605 Asn Thr Val Phe Phe Asp Ile Asn Leu Arg Gly Leu Asp Gly Ile Gln 610 615 620 Gly Pro Val Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys Val Phe Asn Arg Thr Ala Leu 625 630 635 640 Tyr Gly Tyr Glu Pro Pro Ile Lys Gln Lys Lys Gly Gly Phe Leu Ser 645 650 655 Ser Leu Cys Gly Gly Arg Lys Lys Ala Ser Lys Ser Lys Lys Gly Ser 660 665 670 Asp Lys Lys Lys Ser Gln Lys His Val Asp Ser Ser Val Pro Val Phe 675 680 685 Asn Leu Glu Asp Ile Glu Glu Gly Val Glu Gly Ala Gly Phe Asp Asp 690 695 700 Glu Lys Ser Leu Leu Met Ser Gln Met Ser Leu Glu Lys Arg Phe Gly 705 710 715 720 Gln Ser Ala Ala Phe Val Ala Ser Thr Leu Met Glu Tyr Gly Gly Val 725 730 735 Pro Gln Ser Ala Thr Pro Glu Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Ile His Val 740 745 750 Ile Ser Cys Gly Tyr Glu Asp Lys Thr Glu Trp Gly Thr Glu Ile Gly 755 760 765 Trp Ile Tyr Gly Ser Val Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe Lys Met 770 775 780 His Ala Arg Gly Trp Arg Ser Ile Tyr Cys Met Pro Lys Arg Pro Ala 785 790 795 800 Phe Lys Gly Ser Ala Pro Ile Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Leu Asn Gln Val 805 810 815 Leu Arg Trp Ala Leu Gly Ser Val Glu Ile Leu Phe Ser Arg His Cys 820 825 830 Pro Leu Trp Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Arg Leu Lys Phe Leu Glu Arg Phe 835 840 845 Ala Tyr Ile Asn Thr Thr Ile Tyr Pro Leu Thr Ser Ile Pro Leu Leu 850 855 860 Ile Tyr Cys Ile Leu Pro Ala Ile Cys Leu Leu Thr Gly Lys Phe Ile 865 870 875 880 Ile Pro Glu Ile Ser Asn Phe Ala Ser Ile Trp Phe Ile Ser Leu Phe 885 890 895 Ile Ser Ile Phe Ala Thr Gly Ile Leu Glu Met Arg Trp Ser Gly Val 900 905 910 Gly Ile Asp Glu Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile Gly Gly 915 920 925 Ile Ser Ala His Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Gln Gly Leu Leu Lys Val Leu 930 935 940 Ala Gly Ile Asp Thr Asn Phe Thr Val Thr Ser Lys Ala Ser Asp Glu 945 950 955 960 Asp Gly Asp Phe Ala Glu Leu Tyr Met Phe Lys Trp Thr Thr Leu Leu 965 970 975 Ile Pro Pro Thr Thr Ile Leu Ile Ile Asn Leu Val Gly Val Val Ala 980 985 990 Gly Ile Ser Tyr Ala Ile Asn Ser Gly Tyr Gln Ser Trp Gly Pro Leu 995 1000 1005 Phe Gly Lys Leu Phe Phe Ala Phe Trp Val Ile Val His Leu Tyr Pro 1010 1015 1020 Phe Leu Lys Gly Leu Met Gly Arg Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Ile Val 1025 1030 1035 1040 Val Val Trp Ala Ile Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Phe Ser Leu Leu Trp Val 1045 1050 1055 Arg Ile Asp Pro Phe Thr Thr Arg Val Thr Gly Pro Asp Thr Gln Thr 1060 1065 1070 Cys Gly Ile Asn Cys 1075 11 25 DNA Zea mays 11 atggagggcg acgcggacgg cgtga 25 12 25 DNA Zea mays 12 ctagcagttg atgccacacg tctgg 25 13 3704 DNA Zea mays 13 gtcgacccac gcttccggtc ggttccgcgt cccttttccc ctcccccctc cgtcgccgcc 60 tcgagcgagc tccaccactt gctcctgcgc gaggtgaaca ctgggttagg gccactgcca 120 ccgctgggct gcctctgctt ctgcctctcc cgccagcgcg cgagcccggg ggcgattcgg 180 cgccggcacg cgggagggga agccgaggaa tgcggtgagt cggcgggggt ccggcgtttg 240 tgaactcgtg gagggctcgg attggtgcgc catggacggc ggcgacgcca cgaattcggg 300 gaagcatgtg gccgggcagg tgtgccagat ctgcggcgac ggcgtgggca ccgcggcgga 360 cggcgacctc ttcaccgcct gcgacgtctg cggcttcccc gtgtgccgcc catgctacga 420 gtacgagcgc aaggacggca cccaggcgtg cccgcagtgc aagactaagt acaagcgcca 480 caaagggagc ccaccagtac acggtgagga aaatgaggat gtggatgctg acgatgtgag 540 tgactacaac taccaagcat ctggcaacca ggatcagaag caaaagattg ctgagagaat 600 gctcacttgg cggacaaact cacgtggcag tgatattggc ctggctaagt atgacagcgg 660 tgaaattggg catgggaagt atgacagtgg tgagatccct cgtggatata tcccgtcact 720 aactcatagc cagatctcag gagagattcc tggagcttcc cctgatcata tgatgtctcc 780 tgttgggaac attggcaggc gtggacatca atttccttat gtaaatcatt ctccaaaccc 840 atcgagggag ttctccggta gccttggcaa tgttgcatgg aaagagaggg tggatggatg 900 gaaaatgaag gataaaggtg caattcctat gaccaatgga acaagcattg ctccatcaga 960 agggcgtgga gttgctgata ttgatgcttc tactgattat aacatggaag atgccttact 1020 gaatgatgaa actcggcaac ctctatctag aaaagtgcca attccttcat ccagaataaa 1080 tccgtacaga atggtcattg tgctacgttt ggctgttcta tgcatattct tgcgctaccg 1140 tatcacacat cctgtgaaca atgcatatcc actgtggctt ttatccgtca tatgtgagat 1200 ctggtttgct ttgtcctgga ttttggatca gttcccaaag tggtccccaa tcaaccgtga 1260 aacatacctt gatagactgg ctttaaggta tgaccgagaa ggtgaaccat ctcaattagc 1320 tcctgttgat atttttgtca gtactgtgga tccaatgaag gagcctcctc ttgtcactgc 1380 aaatactgtg ctttccatcc ttgctgtcga ttatccggtt gacaaggtat cttgctatgt 1440 ttcggatgat ggagctgcta tgctgacttt tgatgctctc tctgaaactt cagagtttgc 1500 tagaaaatgg gttccgttct gtaagaagta caacatagag cctagggccc cggaatggta 1560 ctttgctcag aaaattgatt acttgaaaga caaagttcaa acctcatttg tgaaagaacg 1620 ccgggccatg aagagagaat atgaagaatt caaagttcgt atcaatggtc ttgtagccaa 1680 ggcacaaaaa gttcccgagg agggatggat catgcaagat ggtacacctt ggcctgggaa 1740 caatactagg gaccatcctg gaatgattca ggttttcctg ggtcacagtg gagggcttga 1800 cgttgaaggc aatgaacttc ctcgtttggt ttatgtgtct cgtgaaaaac gtcctggatt 1860 ccaacatcac aagaaggctg gtgccatgaa tgcacttgtt cgtgtatcag ctgtccttac 1920 taatgggcaa tacatgttga atcttgattg tgaccactac atcaataata gcaaggctct 1980 tcgagaagct atgtgcttcc ttatggaccc aaacctagga aggaatgtct gttatgtcca 2040 atttcctcag aggtttgatg gtattgatag gaatgaccga tatgcaaaca ggaacactgt 2100 gtttttcgat attaacttga gaggtcttga cggcattcaa gggccagttt atgtgggaac 2160 tggttgtgtg tttaacagaa cggccttata tggttatgag cctccagtca agaaaaaaaa 2220 gccaggcttc ttctcttcgc tttgtggggg aaggaaaaag acgtcaaaat ctaagaagag 2280 ctcggaaaag aagaagtcac atagacacgc agacagttct gtaccagtat ttaatctcga 2340 agatatagag gaagggattg aaggttctca gtttgatgat gagaaatcgc tgattatgtc 2400 tcaaatgagc ttggagaaga gatttggcca gtccagtgtt tttgtagcct ctactctgat 2460 ggaatatggt ggtgttccac aatctgcaac tccagagtct cttctgaaag aagctattca 2520 tgtcatcagc tgtggctatg aggacaaaac tgactgggga actgagattg ggtggatcta 2580 tggttctgtt acagaagaca ttctcaccgg attcaagatg catgctcgag gctggcgatc 2640 aatctactgc atgcctaagc gaccagcttt caagggatct gctcctatca acctttcgga 2700 tcgtttgaat caagtgcttc ggtgggctct tggttccatt gaaattcttt tcagcaggca 2760 ttgtcccata tggtatggct atggaggccg gcttaaattc ctggagagat ttgcttatat 2820 caacacaaca atttatccac tcacatcaat cccgctcctc ctgtactgca tattgccagc 2880 agtttgtctt ctcactggga agttcatcat cccaaagatt agtaacctag agagtgtttg 2940 gtttatatcg ctctttatct caatctttgc cactggtatc cttgagatga ggtggagtgg 3000 tgttggcatt gatgaatggt ggaggaacga gcagttctgg gtcattggtg gtatttctgc 3060 gcatttattt gccgtcttcc agggtctcct gaaggtgctt gctggtatcg acacgagctt 3120 cactgtcacc tctaaggcca ctgacgaaga aggtgatttt gccgagctct acatgttcaa 3180 gtggacaacg cttctgatcc caccaaccac tattttgatc atcaacctgg tcggcgtggt 3240 cgctggcatt tcctacgcaa tcaatagcgg ttaccagtca tggggacctc ttttcgggaa 3300 gctcttcttt gcgttctggg tgattgtcca cctgtacccc ttcctcaagg gcctcatggg 3360 gaagcagaac cgcacgccga ccattgtcgt tgtctgggct atcctccttg cgtcgatctt 3420 ttccctgatg tgggttcgta tcgatccatt caccacccgg gtcactggcc ctgatatcgc 3480 gaaatgtggc atcaactgct aggatgagct gaagatagtt aaagagtgga actagacgca 3540 ttgtgcatcg taagttatca gtgggtggct ctttttatag tatggtagga acttggtcgg 3600 gagacgttaa ttacatatgc tatatgtacc tccgctggtc tttatccgta agttaatata 3660 tatactgctt tgagaattaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaagggcgg ccgc 3704 14 1076 PRT Zea mays 14 Met Asp Gly Gly Asp Ala Thr Asn Ser Gly Lys His Val Ala Gly Gln 1 5 10 15 Val Cys Gln Ile Cys Gly Asp Gly Val Gly Thr Ala Ala Asp Gly Asp 20 25 30 Leu Phe Thr Ala Cys Asp Val Cys Gly Phe Pro Val Cys Arg Pro Cys 35 40 45 Tyr Glu Tyr Glu Arg Lys Asp Gly Thr Gln Ala Cys Pro Gln Cys Lys 50 55 60 Thr Lys Tyr Lys Arg His Lys Gly Ser Pro Pro Val His Gly Glu Glu 65 70 75 80 Asn Glu Asp Val Asp Ala Asp Asp Val Ser Asp Tyr Asn Tyr Gln Ala 85 90 95 Ser Gly Asn Gln Asp Gln Lys Gln Lys Ile Ala Glu Arg Met Leu Thr 100 105 110 Trp Arg Thr Asn Ser Arg Gly Ser Asp Ile Gly Leu Ala Lys Tyr Asp 115 120 125 Ser Gly Glu Ile Gly His Gly Lys Tyr Asp Ser Gly Glu Ile Pro Arg 130 135 140 Gly Tyr Ile Pro Ser Leu Thr His Ser Gln Ile Ser Gly Glu Ile Pro 145 150 155 160 Gly Ala Ser Pro Asp His Met Met Ser Pro Val Gly Asn Ile Gly Arg 165 170 175 Arg Gly His Gln Phe Pro Tyr Val Asn His Ser Pro Asn Pro Ser Arg 180 185 190 Glu Phe Ser Gly Ser Leu Gly Asn Val Ala Trp Lys Glu Arg Val Asp 195 200 205 Gly Trp Lys Met Lys Asp Lys Gly Ala Ile Pro Met Thr Asn Gly Thr 210 215 220 Ser Ile Ala Pro Ser Glu Gly Arg Gly Val Ala Asp Ile Asp Ala Ser 225 230 235 240 Thr Asp Tyr Asn Met Glu Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Asp Glu Thr Arg Gln 245 250 255 Pro Leu Ser Arg Lys Val Pro Ile Pro Ser Ser Arg Ile Asn Pro Tyr 260 265 270 Arg Met Val Ile Val Leu Arg Leu Ala Val Leu Cys Ile Phe Leu Arg 275 280 285 Tyr Arg Ile Thr His Pro Val Asn Asn Ala Tyr Pro Leu Trp Leu Leu 290 295 300 Ser Val Ile Cys Glu Ile Trp Phe Ala Leu Ser Trp Ile Leu Asp Gln 305 310 315 320 Phe Pro Lys Trp Ser Pro Ile Asn Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Asp Arg Leu 325 330 335 Ala Leu Arg Tyr Asp Arg Glu Gly Glu Pro Ser Gln Leu Ala Pro Val 340 345 350 Asp Ile Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp Pro Met Lys Glu Pro Pro Leu Val 355 360 365 Thr Ala Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile Leu Ala Val Asp Tyr Pro Val Asp 370 375 380 Lys Val Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp Asp Gly Ala Ala Met Leu Thr Phe 385 390 395 400 Asp Ala Leu Ser Glu Thr Ser Glu Phe Ala Arg Lys Trp Val Pro Phe 405 410 415 Cys Lys Lys Tyr Asn Ile Glu Pro Arg Ala Pro Glu Trp Tyr Phe Ala 420 425 430 Gln Lys Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp Lys Val Gln Thr Ser Phe Val Lys 435 440 445 Glu Arg Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Glu Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys Val Arg Ile 450 455 460 Asn Gly Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Gln Lys Val Pro Glu Glu Gly Trp Ile 465 470 475 480 Met Gln Asp Gly Thr Pro Trp Pro Gly Asn Asn Thr Arg Asp His Pro 485 490 495 Gly Met Ile Gln Val Phe Leu Gly His Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Val Glu 500 505 510 Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Lys Arg Pro 515 520 525 Gly Phe Gln His His Lys Lys Ala Gly Ala Met Asn Ala Leu Val Arg 530 535 540 Val Ser Ala Val Leu Thr Asn Gly Gln Tyr Met Leu Asn Leu Asp Cys 545 550 555 560 Asp His Tyr Ile Asn Asn Ser Lys Ala Leu Arg Glu Ala Met Cys Phe 565 570 575 Leu Met Asp Pro Asn Leu Gly Arg Asn Val Cys Tyr Val Gln Phe Pro 580 585 590 Gln Arg Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Arg Asn Asp Arg Tyr Ala Asn Arg Asn 595 600 605 Thr Val Phe Phe Asp Ile Asn Leu Arg Gly Leu Asp Gly Ile Gln Gly 610 615 620 Pro Val Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys Val Phe Asn Arg Thr Ala Leu Tyr 625 630 635 640 Gly Tyr Glu Pro Pro Val Lys Lys Lys Lys Pro Gly Phe Phe Ser Ser 645 650 655 Leu Cys Gly Gly Arg Lys Lys Thr Ser Lys Ser Lys Lys Ser Ser Glu 660 665 670 Lys Lys Lys Ser His Arg His Ala Asp Ser Ser Val Pro Val Phe Asn 675 680 685 Leu Glu Asp Ile Glu Glu Gly Ile Glu Gly Ser Gln Phe Asp Asp Glu 690 695 700 Lys Ser Leu Ile Met Ser Gln Met Ser Leu Glu Lys Arg Phe Gly Gln 705 710 715 720 Ser Ser Val Phe Val Ala Ser Thr Leu Met Glu Tyr Gly Gly Val Pro 725 730 735 Gln Ser Ala Thr Pro Glu Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Ile His Val Ile 740 745 750 Ser Cys Gly Tyr Glu Asp Lys Thr Asp Trp Gly Thr Glu Ile Gly Trp 755 760 765 Ile Tyr Gly Ser Val Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe Lys Met His 770 775 780 Ala Arg Gly Trp Arg Ser Ile Tyr Cys Met Pro Lys Arg Pro Ala Phe 785 790 795 800 Lys Gly Ser Ala Pro Ile Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Leu Asn Gln Val Leu 805 810 815 Arg Trp Ala Leu Gly Ser Ile Glu Ile Leu Phe Ser Arg His Cys Pro 820 825 830 Ile Trp Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Arg Leu Lys Phe Leu Glu Arg Phe Ala 835 840 845 Tyr Ile Asn Thr Thr Ile Tyr Pro Leu Thr Ser Ile Pro Leu Leu Leu 850 855 860 Tyr Cys Ile Leu Pro Ala Val Cys Leu Leu Thr Gly Lys Phe Ile Ile 865 870 875 880 Pro Lys Ile Ser Asn Leu Glu Ser Val Trp Phe Ile Ser Leu Phe Ile 885 890 895 Ser Ile Phe Ala Thr Gly Ile Leu Glu Met Arg Trp Ser Gly Val Gly 900 905 910 Ile Asp Glu Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile Gly Gly Ile 915 920 925 Ser Ala His Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Gln Gly Leu Leu Lys Val Leu Ala 930 935 940 Gly Ile Asp Thr Ser Phe Thr Val Thr Ser Lys Ala Thr Asp Glu Glu 945 950 955 960 Gly Asp Phe Ala Glu Leu Tyr Met Phe Lys Trp Thr Thr Leu Leu Ile 965 970 975 Pro Pro Thr Thr Ile Leu Ile Ile Asn Leu Val Gly Val Val Ala Gly 980 985 990 Ile Ser Tyr Ala Ile Asn Ser Gly Tyr Gln Ser Trp Gly Pro Leu Phe 995 1000 1005 Gly Lys Leu Phe Phe Ala Phe Trp Val Ile Val His Leu Tyr Pro Phe 1010 1015 1020 Leu Lys Gly Leu Met Gly Lys Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Ile Val Val 1025 1030 1035 1040 Val Trp Ala Ile Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Phe Ser Leu Met Trp Val Arg 1045 1050 1055 Ile Asp Pro Phe Thr Thr Arg Val Thr Gly Pro Asp Ile Ala Lys Cys 1060 1065 1070 Gly Ile Asn Cys 1075 15 25 DNA Zea mays 15 atggacggcg gcgacgccac gaatt 25 16 25 DNA Zea mays 16 ctagcagttg atgccacatt tcgcg 25 17 3813 DNA Zea mays 17 ccacagctca tataccaaga gccggagcag cttagcgcag cccagagcgg cgccgcgcca 60 agcacaaccc ccacccgcca cagccgcgtg cgcatgtgag cggtcgccgc ggccgggaga 120 ccagaggagg ggaggactac gtgcatttcg ctgtgccgcc gccgcggggt tcgtgcgcga 180 gcgagatccg gcggggcggg gcggggggcc tgagatggag gctagcgcgg ggctggtggc 240 cggctcgcat aaccggaacg agctggtggt gatccgccgc gaccgcgagt cgggagccgc 300 gggcggcggc gcggcgcgcc gggcggaggc gccgtgccag atatgcggcg acgaggtcgg 360 ggtgggcttc gacggggagc ccttcgtggc gtgcaacgag tgcgccttcc ccgtctgccg 420 cgcctgctac gagtacgagc gccgcgaggg ctcgcaagcg tgcccgcagt gcaggacccg 480 ctacaagcgc ctcaagggct gcccgcgggt ggccggcgac gaggaggagg acggcgtcga 540 cgacctggag ggcgagttcg gcctgcagga cggcgccgcc cacgaggacg acccgcagta 600 cgtcgccgag tccatgctca gggcgcagat gagctacggc cgcggcggcg acgcgcaccc 660 cggcttcagc cccgtcccca acgtgccgct cctcaccaac ggccagatgg ttgatgacat 720 cccgccggag cagcacgcgc tcgtgccgtc ctacatgagc ggcggcggcg gcgggggcaa 780 gaggatccac ccgctccctt tcgcagatcc caaccttcca gtgcaaccga gatccatgga 840 cccgtccaag gatctggccg cctacggata tggcagcgtg gcctggaagg agagaatgga 900 gggctggaag cagaagcagg agcgcctgca gcatgtcagg agcgagggtg gcggtgattg 960 ggatggcgac gatgcagatc tgccactaat ggatgaagct aggcagccat tgtccagaaa 1020 agtccctata tcatcaagcc gaattaatcc ctacaggatg attatcgtta tccggttggt 1080 ggttttgggt ttcttcttcc actaccgagt gatgcatccg gcgaaagatg catttgcatt 1140 gtggctcata tctgtaatct gtgaaatctg gtttgcgatg tcctggattc ttgatcagtt 1200 cccaaagtgg cttccaatcg agagagagac ttacctggac cgtttgtcac taaggtttga 1260 caaggaaggt caaccctctc agcttgctcc aatcgacttc tttgtcagta cggttgatcc 1320 cacaaaggaa cctcccttgg tcacagcgaa cactgtcctt tccatccttt ctgtggatta 1380 tccggttgag aaggtctcct gctatgtttc tgatgatggt gctgcaatgc ttacgtttga 1440 agcattgtct gaaacatctg aatttgcaaa gaaatgggtt cctttcagca aaaagtttaa 1500 tatcgagcct cgtgctcctg agtggtactt ccaacagaag atagactacc tgaaagacaa 1560 ggttgctgct tcatttgtta gggagaggag ggcgatgaag agagaatacg aggaattcaa 1620 ggtaaggatc aatgccttgg ttgcaaaagc ccaaaaggtt cctgaggaag gatggacaat 1680 gcaagatgga agcccctggc ctggaaacaa cgtacgcgat catcctggaa tgattcaggt 1740 attccttggc caaagtggcg gtcgtgatgt ggaaggaaat gagttgcctc gcctggttta 1800 tgtctcgaga gaaaagaggc caggttataa ccatcacaag aaggctggtg ccatgaatgc 1860 actggtccgt gtctctgctg tcttatcaaa tgctgcatac ctattgaact tggactgtga 1920 tcactacatc aacaatagca aggccataaa agaggctatg tgtttcatga tggatccttt 1980 ggtggggaag aaagtgtgct atgtacagtt ccctcagagg tttgatggta ttgacaaaaa 2040 tgatcgatac gctaacagga acgttgtctt ttttgacatc aacatgaaag gtttggacgg 2100 tattcaagga cccatttatg tgggtactgg atgtgttttc agacggcagg cactgtatgg 2160 ttatgatgct cctaaaacga agaagccacc atcaagaact tgcaactgct ggcccaagtg 2220 gtgcctctct tgctgctgca gcaggaacaa gaataaaaag aagactacaa aaccaaagac 2280 ggagaagaag aaaagattat ttttcaagaa agcagaaaac ccatctcctg catatgcttt 2340 gggtgaaatt gatgaaggtg ctccaggtgc tgatatcgag aaggccggaa tcgtaaatca 2400 acagaaacta gagaagaaat ttgggcagtc ttctgttttt gtcgcatcaa cacttcttga 2460 gaacggaggg accctgaaga gcgcaagtcc agcttctctt ctgaaggaag ctatacatgt 2520 tatcagctgc ggctacgaag acaagaccga ctggggaaaa gagattggct ggatttacgg 2580 atcgatcaca gaggatatct tgactggatt taagatgcac tgccatggct ggcggtctat 2640 ttactgcatc ccgaagcggc ctgcattcaa aggttctgcg cctctgaacc tttccgaccg 2700 tcttcaccag gtccttcgct gggcccttgg gtccgtcgaa attttcttca gcaagcactg 2760 cccactttgg tacggatacg gcggcgggct aaaattcctg gaaaggtttt cttatatcaa 2820 ctccatcgtt tatccctgga cgtccattcc tctcctggct tactgtacct tgcctgccat 2880 ctgcctgctc acggggaagt ttatcacacc agagcttacc aatgtcgcca gtatctggtt 2940 catggcactt ttcatctgca tctccgtgac cggcatcctg gaaatgaggt ggagtggcgt 3000 ggccatcgac gactggtgga ggaacgagca gttctgggtc atcggaggcg tttcggcgca 3060 tctgttcgcg gtgttccagg gcctgctgaa ggtgttcgcc ggcatcgaca cgagcttcac 3120 cgtgacgtcg aaggccgggg acgacgagga gttctcggag ctgtacacgt tcaagtggac 3180 caccctgctg atacccccga ccacgctcct cctgctgaac ttcatcgggg tggtggccgg 3240 gatctcgaac gcgatcaaca acgggtacga gtcgtggggc cccctgttcg ggaagctctt 3300 cttcgccttc tgggtgatcg tccacctgta cccgttcctc aagggtctgg tggggaggca 3360 gaacaggacg ccgacgatcg tcatcgtctg gtccatcctg ctggcctcga tcttctcgct 3420 cctgtgggtc cgcgtcgacc cgttcctcgc caagagcaac ggcccgctcc tggaggagtg 3480 tggcctggac tgcaactgaa gtgggggccc cctgtcactc gaagttctgt cacgggcgaa 3540 ttacgcctga ttttttgttg ttgttgttgt tggaattctt tgctgtagat agaaaccaca 3600 tgtccacggc atctctgctg tgtccattgg agcaggagag aggtgcctgc tgctgtttgt 3660 tgagtaaatt aaaagtttta aagttataca gtgatgcaca ttccagtgcc cagtgtattc 3720 cctttttaca gtctgtatat tagcgacaaa ggacatattg gttaggagtt tgattctttt 3780 gtaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaa 3813 18 1094 PRT Zea mays 18 Met Glu Ala Ser Ala Gly Leu Val Ala Gly Ser His Asn Arg Asn Glu 1 5 10 15 Leu Val Val Ile Arg Arg Asp Arg Glu Ser Gly Ala Ala Gly Gly Gly 20 25 30 Ala Ala Arg Arg Ala Glu Ala Pro Cys Gln Ile Cys Gly Asp Glu Val 35 40 45 Gly Val Gly Phe Asp Gly Glu Pro Phe Val Ala Cys Asn Glu Cys Ala 50 55 60 Phe Pro Val Cys Arg Ala Cys Tyr Glu Tyr Glu Arg Arg Glu Gly Ser 65 70 75 80 Gln Ala Cys Pro Gln Cys Arg Thr Arg Tyr Lys Arg Leu Lys Gly Cys 85 90 95 Pro Arg Val Ala Gly Asp Glu Glu Glu Asp Gly Val Asp Asp Leu Glu 100 105 110 Gly Glu Phe Gly Leu Gln Asp Gly Ala Ala His Glu Asp Asp Pro Gln 115 120 125 Tyr Val Ala Glu Ser Met Leu Arg Ala Gln Met Ser Tyr Gly Arg Gly 130 135 140 Gly Asp Ala His Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro Val Pro Asn Val Pro Leu Leu 145 150 155 160 Thr Asn Gly Gln Met Val Asp Asp Ile Pro Pro Glu Gln His Ala Leu 165 170 175 Val Pro Ser Tyr Met Ser Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Lys Arg Ile His 180 185 190 Pro Leu Pro Phe Ala Asp Pro Asn Leu Pro Val Gln Pro Arg Ser Met 195 200 205 Asp Pro Ser Lys Asp Leu Ala Ala Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ser Val Ala Trp 210 215 220 Lys Glu Arg Met Glu Gly Trp Lys Gln Lys Gln Glu Arg Leu Gln His 225 230 235 240 Val Arg Ser Glu Gly Gly Gly Asp Trp Asp Gly Asp Asp Ala Asp Leu 245 250 255 Pro Leu Met Asp Glu Ala Arg Gln Pro Leu Ser Arg Lys Val Pro Ile 260 265 270 Ser Ser Ser Arg Ile Asn Pro Tyr Arg Met Ile Ile Val Ile Arg Leu 275 280 285 Val Val Leu Gly Phe Phe Phe His Tyr Arg Val Met His Pro Ala Lys 290 295 300 Asp Ala Phe Ala Leu Trp Leu Ile Ser Val Ile Cys Glu Ile Trp Phe 305 310 315 320 Ala Met Ser Trp Ile Leu Asp Gln Phe Pro Lys Trp Leu Pro Ile Glu 325 330 335 Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Asp Arg Leu Ser Leu Arg Phe Asp Lys Glu Gly 340 345 350 Gln Pro Ser Gln Leu Ala Pro Ile Asp Phe Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp 355 360 365 Pro Thr Lys Glu Pro Pro Leu Val Thr Ala Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile 370 375 380 Leu Ser Val Asp Tyr Pro Val Glu Lys Val Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp 385 390 395 400 Asp Gly Ala Ala Met Leu Thr Phe Glu Ala Leu Ser Glu Thr Ser Glu 405 410 415 Phe Ala Lys Lys Trp Val Pro Phe Ser Lys Lys Phe Asn Ile Glu Pro 420 425 430 Arg Ala Pro Glu Trp Tyr Phe Gln Gln Lys Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp 435 440 445 Lys Val Ala Ala Ser Phe Val Arg Glu Arg Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Glu 450 455 460 Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys Val Arg Ile Asn Ala Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Gln 465 470 475 480 Lys Val Pro Glu Glu Gly Trp Thr Met Gln Asp Gly Ser Pro Trp Pro 485 490 495 Gly Asn Asn Val Arg Asp His Pro Gly Met Ile Gln Val Phe Leu Gly 500 505 510 Gln Ser Gly Gly Arg Asp Val Glu Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val 515 520 525 Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Lys Arg Pro Gly Tyr Asn His His Lys Lys Ala 530 535 540 Gly Ala Met Asn Ala Leu Val Arg Val Ser Ala Val Leu Ser Asn Ala 545 550 555 560 Ala Tyr Leu Leu Asn Leu Asp Cys Asp His Tyr Ile Asn Asn Ser Lys 565 570 575 Ala Ile Lys Glu Ala Met Cys Phe Met Met Asp Pro Leu Val Gly Lys 580 585 590 Lys Val Cys Tyr Val Gln Phe Pro Gln Arg Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Lys 595 600 605 Asn Asp Arg Tyr Ala Asn Arg Asn Val Val Phe Phe Asp Ile Asn Met 610 615 620 Lys Gly Leu Asp Gly Ile Gln Gly Pro Ile Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys 625 630 635 640 Val Phe Arg Arg Gln Ala Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Asp Ala Pro Lys Thr Lys 645 650 655 Lys Pro Pro Ser Arg Thr Cys Asn Cys Trp Pro Lys Trp Cys Leu Ser 660 665 670 Cys Cys Cys Ser Arg Asn Lys Asn Lys Lys Lys Thr Thr Lys Pro Lys 675 680 685 Thr Glu Lys Lys Lys Arg Leu Phe Phe Lys Lys Ala Glu Asn Pro Ser 690 695 700 Pro Ala Tyr Ala Leu Gly Glu Ile Asp Glu Gly Ala Pro Gly Ala Asp 705 710 715 720 Ile Glu Lys Ala Gly Ile Val Asn Gln Gln Lys Leu Glu Lys Lys Phe 725 730 735 Gly Gln Ser Ser Val Phe Val Ala Ser Thr Leu Leu Glu Asn Gly Gly 740 745 750 Thr Leu Lys Ser Ala Ser Pro Ala Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Ile His 755 760 765 Val Ile Ser Cys Gly Tyr Glu Asp Lys Thr Asp Trp Gly Lys Glu Ile 770 775 780 Gly Trp Ile Tyr Gly Ser Ile Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe Lys 785 790 795 800 Met His Cys His Gly Trp Arg Ser Ile Tyr Cys Ile Pro Lys Arg Pro 805 810 815 Ala Phe Lys Gly Ser Ala Pro Leu Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Leu His Gln 820 825 830 Val Leu Arg Trp Ala Leu Gly Ser Val Glu Ile Phe Phe Ser Lys His 835 840 845 Cys Pro Leu Trp Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Gly Leu Lys Phe Leu Glu Arg 850 855 860 Phe Ser Tyr Ile Asn Ser Ile Val Tyr Pro Trp Thr Ser Ile Pro Leu 865 870 875 880 Leu Ala Tyr Cys Thr Leu Pro Ala Ile Cys Leu Leu Thr Gly Lys Phe 885 890 895 Ile Thr Pro Glu Leu Thr Asn Val Ala Ser Ile Trp Phe Met Ala Leu 900 905 910 Phe Ile Cys Ile Ser Val Thr Gly Ile Leu Glu Met Arg Trp Ser Gly 915 920 925 Val Ala Ile Asp Asp Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile Gly 930 935 940 Gly Val Ser Ala His Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Gln Gly Leu Leu Lys Val 945 950 955 960 Phe Ala Gly Ile Asp Thr Ser Phe Thr Val Thr Ser Lys Ala Gly Asp 965 970 975 Asp Glu Glu Phe Ser Glu Leu Tyr Thr Phe Lys Trp Thr Thr Leu Leu 980 985 990 Ile Pro Pro Thr Thr Leu Leu Leu Leu Asn Phe Ile Gly Val Val Ala 995 1000 1005 Gly Ile Ser Asn Ala Ile Asn Asn Gly Tyr Glu Ser Trp Gly Pro Leu 1010 1015 1020 Phe Gly Lys Leu Phe Phe Ala Phe Trp Val Ile Val His Leu Tyr Pro 1025 1030 1035 1040 Phe Leu Lys Gly Leu Val Gly Arg Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Ile Val 1045 1050 1055 Ile Val Trp Ser Ile Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Phe Ser Leu Leu Trp Val 1060 1065 1070 Arg Val Asp Pro Phe Leu Ala Lys Ser Asn Gly Pro Leu Leu Glu Glu 1075 1080 1085 Cys Gly Leu Asp Cys Asn 1090 19 25 DNA Zea mays 19 atggaggcta gcgcggggct ggtgg 25 20 25 DNA Zea mays 20 tcagttgcag tccaggccac actcc 25 21 3799 DNA Zea mays misc_feature 3757, 3775, 3777, 3782 n = A,T,C or G 21 caactcacgt tgccgcggct tcctccatcg gtgcggtgcc ctgtcctttt ctctcctcca 60 cctccctagt ccctcctccc ccccgcatac atagctacta ctagtagcac cacgctcgca 120 gcgggagatg cggtgctgat ccgtgcccct gctcggatct cgggagtggt gccgacttgt 180 gtcgcttcgg ctctgcctag gccagctcct tgtcggttct gggcgagctc gcctgccatg 240 gagggcgacg cggacggcgt gaagtcgggg aggcgcgggg gagggcaggt gtgccagatc 300 tgcggcgatg gcgtgggcac tacggcggag ggagacgtct tcaccgcctg cgacgtctgc 360 gggttcccgg tgtgccgccc ctgctacgag tacgagcgca aggacggcac acaagcgtgc 420 ccccagtgca aaaacaagta caagcgccac aaggggagtc cagcgatccg aggggaggaa 480 ggagacgata ctgatgccga tgatgctagc gacttcaact accctgcatc tggcaatgac 540 gaccagaagc agaagattgc tgacaggatg cgcagctggc gcatgaatgc tgggggcagc 600 ggggatgttg gccgccccaa gtatgacagt ggtgagatcg ggcttaccaa gtacgacagt 660 ggtgagatcc ctcggggata catcccgtca gtcactaaca gccagatttc gggagaaatc 720 cctggtgctt cccctgacca tcatatgatg tctcctactg ggaacattgg caggcgcgcc 780 ccatttccct atatgaatca ttcatcaaat ccgtcgaggg aattctctgg tagcgttggg 840 aatgttgcct ggaaagagag ggttgatggc tggaaaatga agcaggacaa gggaacaatt 900 cccatgacga atggcacaag cattgctccc tctgagggcc ggggtgttgg tgatattgat 960 gcatcaactg attacaacat ggaagatgcc ttattaaacg atgaaactcg ccagcctcta 1020 tctaggaaag ttccacttcc ttcctccagg ataaatccat acaggatggt cattgtgcta 1080 cgattgattg ttctaagcat cttcttgcac taccggatca caaatcctgt gcgtaatgca 1140 tacccactgt ggcttctatc tgttatatgt gagatctggt ttgctctttc ctggatattg 1200 gatcagtttc caaagtggtt tccaatcaac cgcgagactt accttgatag actcgcatta 1260 aggtatgacc gggaaggtga gccatctcag ttggctgctg ttgacatttt tgtcagtact 1320 gtcgacccaa tgaaggagcc tcctcttgtc actgccaata ccgtgctatc cattctcgct 1380 gtggactatc ctgtggataa ggtctcttgc tatgtatctg atgatggagc tgctatgctg 1440 acatttgatg cactagctga gacttcagag tttgctagaa aatgggtgcc atttgttaag 1500 aagtacaaca ttgaacctag agctcctgaa tggtacttct cccagaaaat tgattacttg 1560 aaggacaaag tgcacccttc atttgttaaa gaccgccggg ccatgaagag agaatatgaa 1620 gaattcaaaa ttagggtaaa tggccttgtt gctaaggcac aaaaagtccc tgaggaagga 1680 tggatcatgc aagatggcac accatggcca ggaaacaata ccagggacca tcctggaatg 1740 attcaggttt tccttggtca cagtggtggt cttgatactg agggtaatga gctaccccgt 1800 ttggtctatg tttctcgtga aaaacgtcct ggattccagc atcacaagaa agctggtgcc 1860 atgaatgctc ttgtccgcgt ctcagctgtg cttaccaatg gacaatacat gttgaatctt 1920 gattgtgatc actacatcaa caacagtaag gctctcaggg aagctatgtg cttccttatg 1980 gatcctaacc taggaaggag tgtctgctat gttcagtttc cccagaggtt cgatggtatt 2040 gataggaatg atcgatatgc caacaggaac accgtgtttt tcgatattaa cttgagaggt 2100 cttgatggca tccaaggacc agtttatgtg ggcactggct gtgttttcaa cagaacagct 2160 ctatatggtt atgagccccc aattaagcaa aagaagggtg gtttcttgtc atcactatgt 2220 ggtggcagga agaagggaag caaatcaaag aagggctcag acaagaaaaa gtcacagaag 2280 catgtggaca gttctgtgcc agtattcaat cttgaagata tagaggaggg agttgaaggc 2340 gctggatttg atgatgagaa atcacttctt atgtctcaaa tgagcttgga gaagagattt 2400 ggccaatctg cagcttttgt tgcgtccact ctgatggaat atggtggtgt tcctcagtct 2460 gcgactccag aatctcttct gaaagaagct atccatgtca taagttgtgg ctacgaggac 2520 aagattgaat ggggaactga gattgggtgg atctatggtt ctgtgacgga agatattctc 2580 actgggttca agatgcacgc acgaggctgg cggtcgatct actgcatgcc taagcggccg 2640 gccttcaagg gatcggctcc catcaatctc tcagaccgtc tgaaccaggt gctccggtgg 2700 gctctcggtt cagtggaaat ccttttcagc cggcattgcc ccctatggta cgggtacgga 2760 ggacgcctga agttcttgga gagattcgcc tacatcaaca ccaccatcta cccgctcacg 2820 tccctcccgc tcctcattta ctgtatcctg cctgccatct gcctgctcac ggggaagttc 2880 atcatcccag agatcagcaa cttcgctagt atctggttca tctctctctt catctcgatc 2940 ttcgccacgg gtatcctgga gatgaggtgg agcggcgtgg gcatcgacga gtggtggagg 3000 aacgagcagt tctgggtcat cggaggcatc tccgcccacc tcttcgccgt cttccagggc 3060 ctcctcaagg tgcttgccgg catcgacacc aacttcaccg tcacctccaa ggcctcggat 3120 gaagacggcg acttcgcgga gctgtacatg ttcaagtgga cgacacttct gatcccgccc 3180 accaccatcc tgatcatcaa cctggtcggc gttgttgccg gcatctccta cgccatcaac 3240 agcgggtacc agtcgtgggg tccgctcttc ggcaagctct tcttcgcctt ctgggtgatc 3300 gttcacctgt acccgttcct caagggtctc atgggtcggc agaaccgcac cccgaccatc 3360 gtggttgtct gggcgatcct gctggcgtcg atcttctcct tgctgtgggt tcgcatcgat 3420 ccgttcacca accgcgtcac tggcccggat actcgaacgt gtggcatcaa ctgctaggga 3480 ggtggaaggt ttgtagaaac agagagatac cacgaatgtg ccgctgccac aaattgtctg 3540 ttagtaagtt atataggcag gtggcgttat ttacagctac gtacacacaa ggggatactc 3600 cgtttatcac tggtgtgcat tcttttgttg atataagtta ctatatatac gtattgcttc 3660 tactttgtgg agagtggctg acaggaccag ttttgtaatg ttatgaacag caaagaaata 3720 agttagtttc caaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaanaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaananaaa 3780 anaaaaaaaa aaaaacccc 3799 22 1079 PRT Zea mays 22 Met Glu Gly Asp Ala Asp Gly Val Lys Ser Gly Arg Arg Gly Gly Gly 1 5 10 15 Gln Val Cys Gln Ile Cys Gly Asp Gly Val Gly Thr Thr Ala Glu Gly 20 25 30 Asp Val Phe Thr Ala Cys Asp Val Cys Gly Phe Pro Val Cys Arg Pro 35 40 45 Cys Tyr Glu Tyr Glu Arg Lys Asp Gly Thr Gln Ala Cys Pro Gln Cys 50 55 60 Lys Asn Lys Tyr Lys Arg His Lys Gly Ser Pro Ala Ile Arg Gly Glu 65 70 75 80 Glu Gly Asp Asp Thr Asp Ala Asp Asp Ala Ser Asp Phe Asn Tyr Pro 85 90 95 Ala Ser Gly Asn Asp Asp Gln Lys Gln Lys Ile Ala Asp Arg Met Arg 100 105 110 Ser Trp Arg Met Asn Ala Gly Gly Ser Gly Asp Val Gly Arg Pro Lys 115 120 125 Tyr Asp Ser Gly Glu Ile Gly Leu Thr Lys Tyr Asp Ser Gly Glu Ile 130 135 140 Pro Arg Gly Tyr Ile Pro Ser Val Thr Asn Ser Gln Ile Ser Gly Glu 145 150 155 160 Ile Pro Gly Ala Ser Pro Asp His His Met Met Ser Pro Thr Gly Asn 165 170 175 Ile Gly Arg Arg Ala Pro Phe Pro Tyr Met Asn His Ser Ser Asn Pro 180 185 190 Ser Arg Glu Phe Ser Gly Ser Val Gly Asn Val Ala Trp Lys Glu Arg 195 200 205 Val Asp Gly Trp Lys Met Lys Gln Asp Lys Gly Thr Ile Pro Met Thr 210 215 220 Asn Gly Thr Ser Ile Ala Pro Ser Glu Gly Arg Gly Val Gly Asp Ile 225 230 235 240 Asp Ala Ser Thr Asp Tyr Asn Met Glu Asp Ala Leu Leu Asn Asp Glu 245 250 255 Thr Arg Gln Pro Leu Ser Arg Lys Val Pro Leu Pro Ser Ser Arg Ile 260 265 270 Asn Pro Tyr Arg Met Val Ile Val Leu Arg Leu Ile Val Leu Ser Ile 275 280 285 Phe Leu His Tyr Arg Ile Thr Asn Pro Val Arg Asn Ala Tyr Pro Leu 290 295 300 Trp Leu Leu Ser Val Ile Cys Glu Ile Trp Phe Ala Leu Ser Trp Ile 305 310 315 320 Leu Asp Gln Phe Pro Lys Trp Phe Pro Ile Asn Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu 325 330 335 Asp Arg Leu Ala Leu Arg Tyr Asp Arg Glu Gly Glu Pro Ser Gln Leu 340 345 350 Ala Ala Val Asp Ile Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp Pro Met Lys Glu Pro 355 360 365 Pro Leu Val Thr Ala Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile Leu Ala Val Asp Tyr 370 375 380 Pro Val Asp Lys Val Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp Asp Gly Ala Ala Met 385 390 395 400 Leu Thr Phe Asp Ala Leu Ala Glu Thr Ser Glu Phe Ala Arg Lys Trp 405 410 415 Val Pro Phe Val Lys Lys Tyr Asn Ile Glu Pro Arg Ala Pro Glu Trp 420 425 430 Tyr Phe Ser Gln Lys Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp Lys Val His Pro Ser 435 440 445 Phe Val Lys Asp Arg Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Glu Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys 450 455 460 Ile Arg Val Asn Gly Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Gln Lys Val Pro Glu Glu 465 470 475 480 Gly Trp Ile Met Gln Asp Gly Thr Pro Trp Pro Gly Asn Asn Thr Arg 485 490 495 Asp His Pro Gly Met Ile Gln Val Phe Leu Gly His Ser Gly Gly Leu 500 505 510 Asp Thr Glu Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu 515 520 525 Lys Arg Pro Gly Phe Gln His His Lys Lys Ala Gly Ala Met Asn Ala 530 535 540 Leu Val Arg Val Ser Ala Val Leu Thr Asn Gly Gln Tyr Met Leu Asn 545 550 555 560 Leu Asp Cys Asp His Tyr Ile Asn Asn Ser Lys Ala Leu Arg Glu Ala 565 570 575 Met Cys Phe Leu Met Asp Pro Asn Leu Gly Arg Ser Val Cys Tyr Val 580 585 590 Gln Phe Pro Gln Arg Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Arg Asn Asp Arg Tyr Ala 595 600 605 Asn Arg Asn Thr Val Phe Phe Asp Ile Asn Leu Arg Gly Leu Asp Gly 610 615 620 Ile Gln Gly Pro Val Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys Val Phe Asn Arg Thr 625 630 635 640 Ala Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Glu Pro Pro Ile Lys Gln Lys Lys Gly Gly Phe 645 650 655 Leu Ser Ser Leu Cys Gly Gly Arg Lys Lys Gly Ser Lys Ser Lys Lys 660 665 670 Gly Ser Asp Lys Lys Lys Ser Gln Lys His Val Asp Ser Ser Val Pro 675 680 685 Val Phe Asn Leu Glu Asp Ile Glu Glu Gly Val Glu Gly Ala Gly Phe 690 695 700 Asp Asp Glu Lys Ser Leu Leu Met Ser Gln Met Ser Leu Glu Lys Arg 705 710 715 720 Phe Gly Gln Ser Ala Ala Phe Val Ala Ser Thr Leu Met Glu Tyr Gly 725 730 735 Gly Val Pro Gln Ser Ala Thr Pro Glu Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Ile 740 745 750 His Val Ile Ser Cys Gly Tyr Glu Asp Lys Ile Glu Trp Gly Thr Glu 755 760 765 Ile Gly Trp Ile Tyr Gly Ser Val Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe 770 775 780 Lys Met His Ala Arg Gly Trp Arg Ser Ile Tyr Cys Met Pro Lys Arg 785 790 795 800 Pro Ala Phe Lys Gly Ser Ala Pro Ile Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Leu Asn 805 810 815 Gln Val Leu Arg Trp Ala Leu Gly Ser Val Glu Ile Leu Phe Ser Arg 820 825 830 His Cys Pro Leu Trp Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Arg Leu Lys Phe Leu Glu 835 840 845 Arg Phe Ala Tyr Ile Asn Thr Thr Ile Tyr Pro Leu Thr Ser Leu Pro 850 855 860 Leu Leu Ile Tyr Cys Ile Leu Pro Ala Ile Cys Leu Leu Thr Gly Lys 865 870 875 880 Phe Ile Ile Pro Glu Ile Ser Asn Phe Ala Ser Ile Trp Phe Ile Ser 885 890 895 Leu Phe Ile Ser Ile Phe Ala Thr Gly Ile Leu Glu Met Arg Trp Ser 900 905 910 Gly Val Gly Ile Asp Glu Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile 915 920 925 Gly Gly Ile Ser Ala His Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Gln Gly Leu Leu Lys 930 935 940 Val Leu Ala Gly Ile Asp Thr Asn Phe Thr Val Thr Ser Lys Ala Ser 945 950 955 960 Asp Glu Asp Gly Asp Phe Ala Glu Leu Tyr Met Phe Lys Trp Thr Thr 965 970 975 Leu Leu Ile Pro Pro Thr Thr Ile Leu Ile Ile Asn Leu Val Gly Val 980 985 990 Val Ala Gly Ile Ser Tyr Ala Ile Asn Ser Gly Tyr Gln Ser Trp Gly 995 1000 1005 Pro Leu Phe Gly Lys Leu Phe Phe Ala Phe Trp Val Ile Val His Leu 1010 1015 1020 Tyr Pro Phe Leu Lys Gly Leu Met Gly Arg Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr 1025 1030 1035 1040 Ile Val Val Val Trp Ala Ile Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Phe Ser Leu Leu 1045 1050 1055 Trp Val Arg Ile Asp Pro Phe Thr Asn Arg Val Thr Gly Pro Asp Thr 1060 1065 1070 Arg Thr Cys Gly Ile Asn Cys 1075 23 25 DNA Zea mays 23 atggagggcg acgcggacgg cgtga 25 24 25 DNA Zea mays 24 ctagcagttg atgccacacg ttcga 25 25 3470 DNA Zea mays 25 gcccccggtc gatcgctcgg caatcggcat ggacgccggc tcggtcaccg gtggcctcgc 60 cgcgggctcg cacatgcggg acgagctgca tgtcatgcgc gcccgcgagg agccgaacgc 120 caaggtccgg agcgccgacg tgaagacgtg ccgcgtgtgc gccgacgagg tcgggacgcg 180 ggaggacggg cagcccttcg tggcgtgcgc cgagtgcggc ttccccgtct gccggccctg 240 ctacgagtac gagcgcagcg agggcacgca gtgctgcccg cagtgcaaca cccgctacaa 300 gcgccagaaa gggtgcccga gggtggaagg ggacgaggag gagggcccgg agatggacga 360 cttcgaggac gagttccccg ccaagagccc caagaagcct cacgagcctg tcgcgttcga 420 cgtctactcg gagaacggcg agcacccggc gcagaaatgg cggacgggtg gccagacgct 480 gtcgtccttc accggaagcg tcgccgggaa ggacctggag gcggagaggg agatggaggg 540 gagcatggag tggaaggacc ggatcgacaa gtggaagacc aagcaggaga agaggggcaa 600 gctcaaccac gacgacagcg acgacgacga cgacaagaac gaagacgagt acatgctgct 660 tgccgaggcc cgacagccgc tgtggcgcaa ggttccgatc ccgtcgagca tgatcaaccc 720 gtaccgcatc gtcatcgtgc tccgcctggt ggtgctctgc ttcttcctca agttccggat 780 cacgacgccc gccacggacg ccgtgcctct gtggctggcg tccgtcatct gcgagctctg 840 gttcgccttc tcctggatcc tggaccagct gccaaagtgg gcgccggtga cgcgggagac 900 gtacctggac cgcctggcgc tgcggtacga ccgtgagggc gaggcgtgcc ggctgtcccc 960 catcgacttc ttcgtcagca cggtggaccc gctcaaggag ccgcccatca tcaccgccaa 1020 caccgtgctg tccatcctcg ccgtcgacta ccccgtggac cgcgtcagct gctacgtctc 1080 cgacgacggc gcgtccatgc tgctcttcga cgcgctgtcc gagaccgccg agttcgcgcg 1140 ccgctgggtg cccttctgca agaagttcgc cgtggagccg cgcgccccgg agttctactt 1200 ctcgcagaag atcgactacc tcaaggacaa ggtgcagccg acgttcgtca aggagcgccg 1260 cgccatgaag agggagtacg aggagttcaa ggtgcgcatc aacgcgctgg tggccaaggc 1320 gcagaagaag cccgaggagg ggtgggtcat gcaggacggc acgccgtggc ccgggaacaa 1380 cacgcgcgac cacccgggta tgatccaggt ctacctcggc aaccagggcg cgctggacgt 1440 ggagggccac gagctgccgc gcctcgtcta cgtgtcccgt gagaagcgcc ccgggtacaa 1500 ccaccacaag aaggcgggcg ccatgaacgc gctggtgcgc gtctccgccg tgctcaccaa 1560 cgcgcccttc atcctcaacc tcgactgcga ccactacgtc aacaacagca aggccgtgcg 1620 cgaggccatg tgcttcctca tggacccgca gctggggaag aagctctgct acgtccagtt 1680 cccgcagcgc ttcgatggca tcgatcgcca cgaccgatac gccaaccgca acgtcgtctt 1740 cttcgacatc aacatgaagg ggctggacgg catccagggc ccggtgtacg tcggcacggg 1800 gtgcgtgttc aaccgccagg cgctgtacgg ctacgacccg ccgcggcccg agaagcggcc 1860 caagatgacg tgcgactgct ggccgtcgtg gtgctgctgc tgctgctgct tcggcggcgg 1920 caagcgcggc aaggcgcgca aggacaagaa gggcgacggc ggcgaggagc cgcgccgggg 1980 cctgctcggc ttctacagga agcggagcaa gaaggacaag ctcggcggcg ggtcggtggc 2040 cggcagcaag aagggcggcg ggctgtacaa gaagcaccag cgcgcgttcg agctggagga 2100 gatcgaggag gggctggagg ggtacgacga gctggagcgc tcctcgctca tgtcgcagaa 2160 gagcttcgag aagcggttcg gccagtcgcc cgtgttcatc gcctccacgc tcgtcgagga 2220 cggcggcctg ccgcagggcg ccgccgccga ccccgccgcg ctcatcaagg aggccatcca 2280 cgtcatcagc tgcggatacg aggagaagac cgagtggggc aaggagattg ggtggatcta 2340 tgggtcggtg acagaggata tcctgacggg gttcaagatg cactgccggg ggtggaagtc 2400 cgtgtactgc acgccgacac ggccggcgtt caaggggtcg gcgcccatca acttgtctga 2460 tcgtctccac caggtgctgc gctgggcgct ggggtccgtg gagatcttca tgagccgcca 2520 ctgcccgctc cggtacgcct acggcggccg gctcaagtgg ctggagcgct tcgcctacac 2580 caacaccatc gtgtacccct tcacctccat cccgctcctc gcctactgca ccatccccgc 2640 cgtctgcctg ctcaccggca agttcatcat tcccacgctg aacaacctcg ccagcatctg 2700 gttcatcgcg ctcttcctgt ccatcatcgc gacgagcgtc ctggagctgc ggtggagcgg 2760 ggtgagcatc gaggactggt ggcgcaacga gcagttctgg gtcatcggcg gcgtgtccgc 2820 gcatctcttc gccgtgttcc agggcttcct caaggttctg ggcggcgtgg acaccagctt 2880 caccgtcacc tccaaggcgg ccggcgacga ggccgacgcc ttcggggacc tctacctctt 2940 caagtggacc accctgctgg tgccccccac cacgctcatc atcatcaaca tggtgggcat 3000 cgtggccggc gtgtccgacg ccgtcaacaa cggctacggc tcctggggcc cgctcttcgg 3060 caagctcttc ttctccttct gggtcatcgt ccacctctac ccgttcctca aggggctcat 3120 ggggaggcag aaccggacgc ccaccatcgt cgtgctctgg tccatcctcc tcgcctccat 3180 cttctcgctc gtctgggtca ggatcgaccc gtttatcccg aaggccaagg gccccatcct 3240 caagccatgc ggagtcgagt gctgagctca cctagctacc ttcttgttgc atgtacggac 3300 gccgccgtgc gtttggacat acaggcactt ttgggccagg ctactcatgt tcgacttttt 3360 ttttaatttt gtacaagatt tgtgatcgag tgactgagtg agacagagtg ttgggtgtaa 3420 gaactgtgat ggaattcact caaattaatg gacatttttt ttcttcaaaa 3470 26 1078 PRT Zea mays 26 Met Asp Ala Gly Ser Val Thr Gly Gly Leu Ala Ala Gly Ser His Met 1 5 10 15 Arg Asp Glu Leu His Val Met Arg Ala Arg Glu Glu Pro Asn Ala Lys 20 25 30 Val Arg Ser Ala Asp Val Lys Thr Cys Arg Val Cys Ala Asp Glu Val 35 40 45 Gly Thr Arg Glu Asp Gly Gln Pro Phe Val Ala Cys Ala Glu Cys Gly 50 55 60 Phe Pro Val Cys Arg Pro Cys Tyr Glu Tyr Glu Arg Ser Glu Gly Thr 65 70 75 80 Gln Cys Cys Pro Gln Cys Asn Thr Arg Tyr Lys Arg Gln Lys Gly Cys 85 90 95 Pro Arg Val Glu Gly Asp Glu Glu Glu Gly Pro Glu Met Asp Asp Phe 100 105 110 Glu Asp Glu Phe Pro Ala Lys Ser Pro Lys Lys Pro His Glu Pro Val 115 120 125 Ala Phe Asp Val Tyr Ser Glu Asn Gly Glu His Pro Ala Gln Lys Trp 130 135 140 Arg Thr Gly Gly Gln Thr Leu Ser Ser Phe Thr Gly Ser Val Ala Gly 145 150 155 160 Lys Asp Leu Glu Ala Glu Arg Glu Met Glu Gly Ser Met Glu Trp Lys 165 170 175 Asp Arg Ile Asp Lys Trp Lys Thr Lys Gln Glu Lys Arg Gly Lys Leu 180 185 190 Asn His Asp Asp Ser Asp Asp Asp Asp Asp Lys Asn Glu Asp Glu Tyr 195 200 205 Met Leu Leu Ala Glu Ala Arg Gln Pro Leu Trp Arg Lys Val Pro Ile 210 215 220 Pro Ser Ser Met Ile Asn Pro Tyr Arg Ile Val Ile Val Leu Arg Leu 225 230 235 240 Val Val Leu Cys Phe Phe Leu Lys Phe Arg Ile Thr Thr Pro Ala Thr 245 250 255 Asp Ala Val Pro Leu Trp Leu Ala Ser Val Ile Cys Glu Leu Trp Phe 260 265 270 Ala Phe Ser Trp Ile Leu Asp Gln Leu Pro Lys Trp Ala Pro Val Thr 275 280 285 Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Asp Arg Leu Ala Leu Arg Tyr Asp Arg Glu Gly 290 295 300 Glu Ala Cys Arg Leu Ser Pro Ile Asp Phe Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp 305 310 315 320 Pro Leu Lys Glu Pro Pro Ile Ile Thr Ala Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile 325 330 335 Leu Ala Val Asp Tyr Pro Val Asp Arg Val Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp 340 345 350 Asp Gly Ala Ser Met Leu Leu Phe Asp Ala Leu Ser Glu Thr Ala Glu 355 360 365 Phe Ala Arg Arg Trp Val Pro Phe Cys Lys Lys Phe Ala Val Glu Pro 370 375 380 Arg Ala Pro Glu Phe Tyr Phe Ser Gln Lys Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp 385 390 395 400 Lys Val Gln Pro Thr Phe Val Lys Glu Arg Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Glu 405 410 415 Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys Val Arg Ile Asn Ala Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Gln 420 425 430 Lys Lys Pro Glu Glu Gly Trp Val Met Gln Asp Gly Thr Pro Trp Pro 435 440 445 Gly Asn Asn Thr Arg Asp His Pro Gly Met Ile Gln Val Tyr Leu Gly 450 455 460 Asn Gln Gly Ala Leu Asp Val Glu Gly His Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val 465 470 475 480 Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Lys Arg Pro Gly Tyr Asn His His Lys Lys Ala 485 490 495 Gly Ala Met Asn Ala Leu Val Arg Val Ser Ala Val Leu Thr Asn Ala 500 505 510 Pro Phe Ile Leu Asn Leu Asp Cys Asp His Tyr Val Asn Asn Ser Lys 515 520 525 Ala Val Arg Glu Ala Met Cys Phe Leu Met Asp Pro Gln Leu Gly Lys 530 535 540 Lys Leu Cys Tyr Val Gln Phe Pro Gln Arg Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Arg 545 550 555 560 His Asp Arg Tyr Ala Asn Arg Asn Val Val Phe Phe Asp Ile Asn Met 565 570 575 Lys Gly Leu Asp Gly Ile Gln Gly Pro Val Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys 580 585 590 Val Phe Asn Arg Gln Ala Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Asp Pro Pro Arg Pro Glu 595 600 605 Lys Arg Pro Lys Met Thr Cys Asp Cys Trp Pro Ser Trp Cys Cys Cys 610 615 620 Cys Cys Cys Phe Gly Gly Gly Lys Arg Gly Lys Ala Arg Lys Asp Lys 625 630 635 640 Lys Gly Asp Gly Gly Glu Glu Pro Arg Arg Gly Leu Leu Gly Phe Tyr 645 650 655 Arg Lys Arg Ser Lys Lys Asp Lys Leu Gly Gly Gly Ser Val Ala Gly 660 665 670 Ser Lys Lys Gly Gly Gly Leu Tyr Lys Lys His Gln Arg Ala Phe Glu 675 680 685 Leu Glu Glu Ile Glu Glu Gly Leu Glu Gly Tyr Asp Glu Leu Glu Arg 690 695 700 Ser Ser Leu Met Ser Gln Lys Ser Phe Glu Lys Arg Phe Gly Gln Ser 705 710 715 720 Pro Val Phe Ile Ala Ser Thr Leu Val Glu Asp Gly Gly Leu Pro Gln 725 730 735 Gly Ala Ala Ala Asp Pro Ala Ala Leu Ile Lys Glu Ala Ile His Val 740 745 750 Ile Ser Cys Gly Tyr Glu Glu Lys Thr Glu Trp Gly Lys Glu Ile Gly 755 760 765 Trp Ile Tyr Gly Ser Val Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe Lys Met 770 775 780 His Cys Arg Gly Trp Lys Ser Val Tyr Cys Thr Pro Thr Arg Pro Ala 785 790 795 800 Phe Lys Gly Ser Ala Pro Ile Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Leu His Gln Val 805 810 815 Leu Arg Trp Ala Leu Gly Ser Val Glu Ile Phe Met Ser Arg His Cys 820 825 830 Pro Leu Arg Tyr Ala Tyr Gly Gly Arg Leu Lys Trp Leu Glu Arg Phe 835 840 845 Ala Tyr Thr Asn Thr Ile Val Tyr Pro Phe Thr Ser Ile Pro Leu Leu 850 855 860 Ala Tyr Cys Thr Ile Pro Ala Val Cys Leu Leu Thr Gly Lys Phe Ile 865 870 875 880 Ile Pro Thr Leu Asn Asn Leu Ala Ser Ile Trp Phe Ile Ala Leu Phe 885 890 895 Leu Ser Ile Ile Ala Thr Ser Val Leu Glu Leu Arg Trp Ser Gly Val 900 905 910 Ser Ile Glu Asp Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile Gly Gly 915 920 925 Val Ser Ala His Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Gln Gly Phe Leu Lys Val Leu 930 935 940 Gly Gly Val Asp Thr Ser Phe Thr Val Thr Ser Lys Ala Ala Gly Asp 945 950 955 960 Glu Ala Asp Ala Phe Gly Asp Leu Tyr Leu Phe Lys Trp Thr Thr Leu 965 970 975 Leu Val Pro Pro Thr Thr Leu Ile Ile Ile Asn Met Val Gly Ile Val 980 985 990 Ala Gly Val Ser Asp Ala Val Asn Asn Gly Tyr Gly Ser Trp Gly Pro 995 1000 1005 Leu Phe Gly Lys Leu Phe Phe Ser Phe Trp Val Ile Val His Leu Tyr 1010 1015 1020 Pro Phe Leu Lys Gly Leu Met Gly Arg Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Ile 1025 1030 1035 1040 Val Val Leu Trp Ser Ile Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Phe Ser Leu Val Trp 1045 1050 1055 Val Arg Ile Asp Pro Phe Ile Pro Lys Ala Lys Gly Pro Ile Leu Lys 1060 1065 1070 Pro Cys Gly Val Glu Cys 1075 27 3231 DNA Zea mays 27 ccacgcgtcc gggaggggcc atgatggagt cggcggcggc ccagtcctgc gcggcgtgcg 60 gggacgacgc gcgcgctgcc tgccgcgcgt gcagctacgc gctctgcagg gcgtgcctcg 120 acgaggacgc cgccgagggc cgcaccacat gcgcgcgctg cggaggggac tacgccgcta 180 tcaacccagc gcgcgccagc gagggaaccg aggcggagga ggaggtggtg gagaaccacc 240 acaccgccgg tggcctgcgt gagagggtca ccatgggcag ccacctcaat gatcgccagg 300 atgaagtaag ccacgccagg accatgagca gcttgtcggg aattggtagt gaattgaatg 360 atgaatctgg taagcccatc tggaagaaca gggtggagag ttggaaggaa aagaagaatg 420 agaagaaagc ctcggccaaa aagactgcag ctaaagcaca gcctccgcct gtcgaagaac 480 agatcatgga tgaaaaagac ttgacagatg catatgagcc actctcccgg gtcatcccaa 540 tatcaaagaa caagctcaca ccttacagag cagtgatcat tatgcggtta attgttcttg 600 ggctcttctt tcactaccgt atcaccaatc ctgttaacag tgcctttggt ctctggatga 660 catcagttat atgtgagatc tggtttggtt tctcctggat attggatcaa ttcccgaagt 720 ggtatcctat caatcgtgag acttatgttg ataggctgat tgcacgatat ggagatggtg 780 aagaatctgg gttagcacct gtagatttct ttgtcagtac agtggatcca ttgaaagagc 840 ctccactaat cactgcaaac actgtgctgt ctattcttgc tgtggactat cccgttgaga 900 agatctcatg ctatgtatct gatgatggtt ctgctatgct cacatttgaa tcgctcgcag 960 agactgcaga atatgctaga aagtgggtgc cgttttgcaa gaagtacgcc attgagccac 1020 gagctcctga gttctacttc tcacagaaaa ttgactactt gaaggacaag atacacccat 1080 cttttgtcaa ggagcgtagg gctatgaaga gagactatga agagtacaag gtgaggataa 1140 atgctttggt tgccaaggct caaaagacac ctgatgaagg ctggatcatg caagacggta 1200 caccatggcc tgggaacaat cctcgtgacc accctggcat gatccaggtt ttcctgggtg 1260 agactggtgc acgggacttt gatggaaatg aacttcctcg gttagtgtat gtgtcaagag 1320 agaaaagacc aggctaccaa caccacaaga aggcaggggc tatgaatgct ctggtccgag 1380 tgtctgctgt tctgacaaat gccccttaca ttcttaatct tgattgtgat cactatgtta 1440 acaacagcaa agctgttcgt gaagcaatgt gcttcatgat ggaccctact gttggcagag 1500 atgtctgcta tgtacaattc ccccagaggt tcgatggcat tgatcgcagt gatcgatatg 1560 ccaataggaa cgttgtgttc tttgatgtta atatgaaagg acttgatggc ctccaaggcc 1620 cagtttatgt gggaactggt tgttgtttca ataggcaagc actttatggt tatgggcctc 1680 catctctgcc cgcacttcca aagtcttcga tttgttcctg gtgttgctgc tgctgtccca 1740 agaaaaaggt tgaaagaagt gagagggaaa tcaacagaga ctctcggcga gaagacctcg 1800 agtctgccat ttttaacctt cgcgaaattg acaactacga tgagtacgag aggtccatgc 1860 tcatctctca gatgagcttc gagaagtctt ttgggctgtc ctcggtcttt attgaatcga 1920 cccttatgga gaatgggggc gtccctgaat ctgcaaaccc atctacccta attaaagaag 1980 ccattcatgt cattagctgt ggatatgaag agaaaactga atggggaaaa gagattggct 2040 ggatctatgg ttcagttaca gaggatattc tgactgggtt taagatgcac tgccgtggct 2100 ggagatccat ctactgcatg ccggtgagac ctgcattcaa gggatcagcc ccaatcaatc 2160 tttccgatcg tcttcaccaa gttctccggt gggctcttgt ttctgtcgag atcttcttca 2220 gtcggcactg cccgctgtgg tacggttacg gtggcggccg tctgaaatgg ctccagaggc 2280 tctcctacat caacaccatc gtgtacccgt tcacttctct tcctctcgtt gcctactgtt 2340 gcctgcctgc catttgcctg ctcacaggaa agttcattat acctacgctg tccaacgctg 2400 caacgatatg gtttcttggc ctcttcatgt ccatcatcgt gacgagcgtg ttggagctgc 2460 ggtggagtgg catcgggatc gaggactggt ggcgcaacga gcagttctgg gtcatcggag 2520 gcgtgtccgc gcacctgttc gccgtgttcc agggtatcct caagatgatt gccgggctgg 2580 acaccaactt cacggtcacg gcaaaggcca cggacgacac tgagttcggg gagctgtacc 2640 tgttcaagtg gacgacggtg ctgatcccgc ccacaagcat cctggtgctg aacctggtgg 2700 gcgtggtggc tgggttctcg gccgcgctca acagcggcta cgagtcctgg ggcccgctct 2760 tcggtaaggt gttcttcgcc atgtgggtga tcatgcacct gtacccgttc ctcaagggtc 2820 tcatgggccg ccagaaccgc acgccgacca tcgtggtgct ctggtccgtc ctcctcgcct 2880 ccgtcttctc cctcctgtgg gtcaagatcg acccattcgt tggaggaacc gagaccgtca 2940 acaccaacaa ctgcaacaca catctgctga ttcaccatcg gtcagctgct gtcgtgccgc 3000 ggcggacgtg tttctggtgt tgcaaacgtg ggttgcctgc ctgatgcggg tctcctctgt 3060 ctatctcgca tctgggcttt tgccccagga tctgaagcgg gtggtgtagg ttagctttat 3120 tttgcgtcca agtgttgatt gatgttgtct gtgttatgaa aagttttggt ggtgaaacct 3180 gaaatgttaa aattcggctc aattgtgaga aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa a 3231 28 1007 PRT Zea mays 28 Met Met Glu Ser Ala Ala Ala Gln Ser Cys Ala Ala Cys Gly Asp Asp 1 5 10 15 Ala Arg Ala Ala Cys Arg Ala Cys Ser Tyr Ala Leu Cys Arg Ala Cys 20 25 30 Leu Asp Glu Asp Ala Ala Glu Gly Arg Thr Thr Cys Ala Arg Cys Gly 35 40 45 Gly Asp Tyr Ala Ala Ile Asn Pro Ala Arg Ala Ser Glu Gly Thr Glu 50 55 60 Ala Glu Glu Glu Val Val Glu Asn His His Thr Ala Gly Gly Leu Arg 65 70 75 80 Glu Arg Val Thr Met Gly Ser His Leu Asn Asp Arg Gln Asp Glu Val 85 90 95 Ser His Ala Arg Thr Met Ser Ser Leu Ser Gly Ile Gly Ser Glu Leu 100 105 110 Asn Asp Glu Ser Gly Lys Pro Ile Trp Lys Asn Arg Val Glu Ser Trp 115 120 125 Lys Glu Lys Lys Asn Glu Lys Lys Ala Ser Ala Lys Lys Thr Ala Ala 130 135 140 Lys Ala Gln Pro Pro Pro Val Glu Glu Gln Ile Met Asp Glu Lys Asp 145 150 155 160 Leu Thr Asp Ala Tyr Glu Pro Leu Ser Arg Val Ile Pro Ile Ser Lys 165 170 175 Asn Lys Leu Thr Pro Tyr Arg Ala Val Ile Ile Met Arg Leu Ile Val 180 185 190 Leu Gly Leu Phe Phe His Tyr Arg Ile Thr Asn Pro Val Asn Ser Ala 195 200 205 Phe Gly Leu Trp Met Thr Ser Val Ile Cys Glu Ile Trp Phe Gly Phe 210 215 220 Ser Trp Ile Leu Asp Gln Phe Pro Lys Trp Tyr Pro Ile Asn Arg Glu 225 230 235 240 Thr Tyr Val Asp Arg Leu Ile Ala Arg Tyr Gly Asp Gly Glu Glu Ser 245 250 255 Gly Leu Ala Pro Val Asp Phe Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp Pro Leu Lys 260 265 270 Glu Pro Pro Leu Ile Thr Ala Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile Leu Ala Val 275 280 285 Asp Tyr Pro Val Glu Lys Ile Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp Asp Gly Ser 290 295 300 Ala Met Leu Thr Phe Glu Ser Leu Ala Glu Thr Ala Glu Tyr Ala Arg 305 310 315 320 Lys Trp Val Pro Phe Cys Lys Lys Tyr Ala Ile Glu Pro Arg Ala Pro 325 330 335 Glu Phe Tyr Phe Ser Gln Lys Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp Lys Ile His 340 345 350 Pro Ser Phe Val Lys Glu Arg Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Asp Tyr Glu Glu 355 360 365 Tyr Lys Val Arg Ile Asn Ala Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Gln Lys Thr Pro 370 375 380 Asp Glu Gly Trp Ile Met Gln Asp Gly Thr Pro Trp Pro Gly Asn Asn 385 390 395 400 Pro Arg Asp His Pro Gly Met Ile Gln Val Phe Leu Gly Glu Thr Gly 405 410 415 Ala Arg Asp Phe Asp Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Ser 420 425 430 Arg Glu Lys Arg Pro Gly Tyr Gln His His Lys Lys Ala Gly Ala Met 435 440 445 Asn Ala Leu Val Arg Val Ser Ala Val Leu Thr Asn Ala Pro Tyr Ile 450 455 460 Leu Asn Leu Asp Cys Asp His Tyr Val Asn Asn Ser Lys Ala Val Arg 465 470 475 480 Glu Ala Met Cys Phe Met Met Asp Pro Thr Val Gly Arg Asp Val Cys 485 490 495 Tyr Val Gln Phe Pro Gln Arg Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Arg Ser Asp Arg 500 505 510 Tyr Ala Asn Arg Asn Val Val Phe Phe Asp Val Asn Met Lys Gly Leu 515 520 525 Asp Gly Leu Gln Gly Pro Val Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys Cys Phe Asn 530 535 540 Arg Gln Ala Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Pro Pro Ser Leu Pro Ala Leu Pro 545 550 555 560 Lys Ser Ser Ile Cys Ser Trp Cys Cys Cys Cys Cys Pro Lys Lys Lys 565 570 575 Val Glu Arg Ser Glu Arg Glu Ile Asn Arg Asp Ser Arg Arg Glu Asp 580 585 590 Leu Glu Ser Ala Ile Phe Asn Leu Arg Glu Ile Asp Asn Tyr Asp Glu 595 600 605 Tyr Glu Arg Ser Met Leu Ile Ser Gln Met Ser Phe Glu Lys Ser Phe 610 615 620 Gly Leu Ser Ser Val Phe Ile Glu Ser Thr Leu Met Glu Asn Gly Gly 625 630 635 640 Val Pro Glu Ser Ala Asn Pro Ser Thr Leu Ile Lys Glu Ala Ile His 645 650 655 Val Ile Ser Cys Gly Tyr Glu Glu Lys Thr Glu Trp Gly Lys Glu Ile 660 665 670 Gly Trp Ile Tyr Gly Ser Val Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe Lys 675 680 685 Met His Cys Arg Gly Trp Arg Ser Ile Tyr Cys Met Pro Val Arg Pro 690 695 700 Ala Phe Lys Gly Ser Ala Pro Ile Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Leu His Gln 705 710 715 720 Val Leu Arg Trp Ala Leu Val Ser Val Glu Ile Phe Phe Ser Arg His 725 730 735 Cys Pro Leu Trp Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Gly Arg Leu Lys Trp Leu Gln 740 745 750 Arg Leu Ser Tyr Ile Asn Thr Ile Val Tyr Pro Phe Thr Ser Leu Pro 755 760 765 Leu Val Ala Tyr Cys Cys Leu Pro Ala Ile Cys Leu Leu Thr Gly Lys 770 775 780 Phe Ile Ile Pro Thr Leu Ser Asn Ala Ala Thr Ile Trp Phe Leu Gly 785 790 795 800 Leu Phe Met Ser Ile Ile Val Thr Ser Val Leu Glu Leu Arg Trp Ser 805 810 815 Gly Ile Gly Ile Glu Asp Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile 820 825 830 Gly Gly Val Ser Ala His Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Gln Gly Ile Leu Lys 835 840 845 Met Ile Ala Gly Leu Asp Thr Asn Phe Thr Val Thr Ala Lys Ala Thr 850 855 860 Asp Asp Thr Glu Phe Gly Glu Leu Tyr Leu Phe Lys Trp Thr Thr Val 865 870 875 880 Leu Ile Pro Pro Thr Ser Ile Leu Val Leu Asn Leu Val Gly Val Val 885 890 895 Ala Gly Phe Ser Ala Ala Leu Asn Ser Gly Tyr Glu Ser Trp Gly Pro 900 905 910 Leu Phe Gly Lys Val Phe Phe Ala Met Trp Val Ile Met His Leu Tyr 915 920 925 Pro Phe Leu Lys Gly Leu Met Gly Arg Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Ile 930 935 940 Val Val Leu Trp Ser Val Leu Leu Ala Ser Val Phe Ser Leu Leu Trp 945 950 955 960 Val Lys Ile Asp Pro Phe Val Gly Gly Thr Glu Thr Val Asn Thr Asn 965 970 975 Asn Cys Asn Thr His Leu Leu Ile His His Arg Ser Ala Ala Val Val 980 985 990 Pro Arg Arg Thr Cys Phe Trp Cys Cys Lys Arg Gly Leu Pro Ala 995 1000 1005 29 3443 DNA Zea mays 29 ctgcgtcgcc ctgcctcgca atcgcgaatc tgtcgagcac ctgaggggtc ggaggccgag 60 agctagccta gcacgccggc ctccgcgcgc gatggaggcc agcgccgggc tggtggccgg 120 ctcgcacaac cggaacgagc tggtgctgat ccggggccac gaggacccca agccgctgcg 180 ggcgctgagc gggcaggtgt gcgagatatg cggcgacgag gtcgggctca cggtggacgg 240 cgacctcttc gtcgcctgca acgagtgcgg cttccccgtg tgccggccct gctacgagta 300 cgagcgccgg gagggcacgc agaactgccc ccagtgcaag acgcgctaca agcgcctcaa 360 ggggagcccg agggttgccg gggacgatga cgaggaggac atcgacgacc tggagcacga 420 gttcaacatc gacgacgaga atcagcagag gcagctggag ggcaacatgc agaacagcca 480 gatcaccgag gcgatgctgc acggcaggat gagctacggg aggggccccg acgacggcga 540 cggcaacaac accccgcaga tcccgcccat catcaccggc tcccgctccg tgccggtgag 600 cggtgagttt ccgattacca acgggtatgg ccacggcgag gtctcgtctt ccctgcacaa 660 gcgcatccat ccgtaccctg tgtctgagcc agggagtgcc aagtgggacg agaagaaaga 720 agtgagctgg aaggagagga tggacgactg gaagtccaag cagggcatcc tcggcggcgg 780 cgccgatccc gaagacatgg acgccgacgt ggcactgaac gacgaggcga ggcagccgct 840 gtcgaggaag gtgtcgatcg cgtcgagcaa ggtgaacccg taccggatgg tgatcgtggt 900 gcgtctcgtt gtgctcgcct tcttcctccg gtaccgtatc ctgcaccccg tcccggacgc 960 catcgggctg tggctcgtct ccatcatctg cgagatctgg ttcgccatct cctggatcct 1020 cgaccagttc cccaagtggt tccccatcga ccgcgagacg tacctcgacc gcctctccct 1080 caggtacgag agggaagggg agccgtcgct gctgtcggcg gtggacctgt tcgtgagcac 1140 ggtggacccg ctcaaggagc cgccgctggt gaccgccaac accgtgctct ccatcctcgc 1200 cgtagactac cccgtggaca aggtctcctg ctacgtctcc gacgacggcg cgtcgatgct 1260 gacgttcgag tcgctgtcgg agacggccga gttcgcgcgc aagtgggtgc ccttctgcaa 1320 gaagttcggc atcgagcccc gcgccccgga gttctacttc tcgctcaagg tcgactacct 1380 caaggacaag gtgcagccca ccttcgtgca ggagcgccgc gccatgaaga gagagtatga 1440 ggagttcaag gtccggatca acgcgctggt ggccaaggcc atgaaggtgc cggcagaggg 1500 gtggatcatg aaggacggca cgccgtggcc cgggaacaac acccgcgacc accccggcat 1560 gatccaggtg ttcctgggcc acagcggcgg ccacgacacc gagggcaacg agctgccccg 1620 cctcgtgtac gtctcccgtg agaagcgccc gggattccag caccacaaga aggccggcgc 1680 catgaacgct ctgattcgcg tctccgccgt gctgaccaac gcgccattca tgctcaactt 1740 ggactgtgat cactacatca acaacagcaa ggccatccgg gaggccatgt gcttcctcat 1800 ggaccctcag gtcggccgga aggtctgcta cgttcagttc ccgcagaggt tcgacggcat 1860 cgacgtgcac gaccgatacg ctaacaggaa caccgtcttc ttcgacatca acatgaaggg 1920 gctggacggc atccaaggcc cggtgtacgt cgggacaggg tgcgtgttcc ggcgccaggc 1980 gctctacggc tacaaccctc ccaagggacc caagaggccc aagatggtga cctgcgactg 2040 ctgcccgtgc ttcggccgca agaagcggaa acacgccaag gacgggctgc cggagggcac 2100 cgctgatatg ggagtagata gcgacaagga gatgctcatg tcccacatga acttcgagaa 2160 gcggttcggg cagtccgcgg cgttcgtcac gtcgacgctg atggaggaag gcggcgtccc 2220 tccttcgtcg agccccgccg cgctcctcaa ggaggccatc catgtcatca gctgcggcta 2280 cgaggacaag accgactggg ggctggagct ggggtggatc tacgggtcga tcacggagga 2340 catcctgacg gggttcaaga tgcactgccg cgggtggcgc tccgtgtact gcatgccgaa 2400 gcgggcggcg ttcaaggggt cggcgccgat caatctatcg gaccgtctca accaggtgct 2460 ccggtgggcg ctggggtccg tcgagatctt cttcagccgg cacagccccc tgctgtacgg 2520 ctacaagaac ggcaacctca agtggctgga gcgcttcgcc tacatcaaca ccaccatcta 2580 ccccttcacc tcgctcccgc tgctcgccta ctgcaccctc cccgccgtct gcctcctcac 2640 cggcaagttc atcatgccgt cgattagcac gttcgccagc ctcttcttca tcgccctctt 2700 catgtccatc ttcgcgacgg gcatcctgga gatgcggtgg agcggggtga gcatcgagga 2760 gtggtggagg aacgagcagt tctgggtcat cggcggcgtg tccgcgcatc tcttcgccgt 2820 cgtgcagggc ctgctcaagg tcctcgccgg gatcgacacc aacttcaccg tcacctccaa 2880 ggccaccggc gacgaggacg acgagttcgc cgagctctac gccttcaagt ggaccacgct 2940 cctcatcccg cccaccacgc tgctcatcat taacgtcatc ggcgtcgtgg ccggcatctc 3000 cgacgccatc aacaacgggt accagtcctg ggggcccctc ttcggcaagc tcttcttcgc 3060 cttctgggtc atcgtccacc tctacccgtt cctcaagggg ctcatggggc gccagaacag 3120 gacgcccacc gttgttgtca tctggtccat tctgctggcc tccatcttct ccctgctctg 3180 ggtcaggatc gaccctttca tcgtcaggac caagggcccg gacgtcaggc agtgtggcat 3240 caattgctga gctgtttatt aaggttcaaa attctggagc ttgtgcatag ggagaaaaaa 3300 acaatttaga aattttgtaa ggttgttgtg tctgtaatgt tatggtaccc agaattgtcg 3360 gacgaggaat tgaacaaagg acaaggtttg attgttaaat ggcaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 3420 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaa 3443 30 1052 PRT Zea mays 30 Met Glu Ala Ser Ala Gly Leu Val Ala Gly Ser His Asn Arg Asn Glu 1 5 10 15 Leu Val Leu Ile Arg Gly His Glu Asp Pro Lys Pro Leu Arg Ala Leu 20 25 30 Ser Gly Gln Val Cys Glu Ile Cys Gly Asp Glu Val Gly Leu Thr Val 35 40 45 Asp Gly Asp Leu Phe Val Ala Cys Asn Glu Cys Gly Phe Pro Val Cys 50 55 60 Arg Pro Cys Tyr Glu Tyr Glu Arg Arg Glu Gly Thr Gln Asn Cys Pro 65 70 75 80 Gln Cys Lys Thr Arg Tyr Lys Arg Leu Lys Gly Ser Pro Arg Val Ala 85 90 95 Gly Asp Asp Asp Glu Glu Asp Ile Asp Asp Leu Glu His Glu Phe Asn 100 105 110 Ile Asp Asp Glu Asn Gln Gln Arg Gln Leu Glu Gly Asn Met Gln Asn 115 120 125 Ser Gln Ile Thr Glu Ala Met Leu His Gly Arg Met Ser Tyr Gly Arg 130 135 140 Gly Pro Asp Asp Gly Asp Gly Asn Asn Thr Pro Gln Ile Pro Pro Ile 145 150 155 160 Ile Thr Gly Ser Arg Ser Val Pro Val Ser Gly Glu Phe Pro Ile Thr 165 170 175 Asn Gly Tyr Gly His Gly Glu Val Ser Ser Ser Leu His Lys Arg Ile 180 185 190 His Pro Tyr Pro Val Ser Glu Pro Gly Ser Ala Lys Trp Asp Glu Lys 195 200 205 Lys Glu Val Ser Trp Lys Glu Arg Met Asp Asp Trp Lys Ser Lys Gln 210 215 220 Gly Ile Leu Gly Gly Gly Ala Asp Pro Glu Asp Met Asp Ala Asp Val 225 230 235 240 Ala Leu Asn Asp Glu Ala Arg Gln Pro Leu Ser Arg Lys Val Ser Ile 245 250 255 Ala Ser Ser Lys Val Asn Pro Tyr Arg Met Val Ile Val Val Arg Leu 260 265 270 Val Val Leu Ala Phe Phe Leu Arg Tyr Arg Ile Leu His Pro Val Pro 275 280 285 Asp Ala Ile Gly Leu Trp Leu Val Ser Ile Ile Cys Glu Ile Trp Phe 290 295 300 Ala Ile Ser Trp Ile Leu Asp Gln Phe Pro Lys Trp Phe Pro Ile Asp 305 310 315 320 Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Asp Arg Leu Ser Leu Arg Tyr Glu Arg Glu Gly 325 330 335 Glu Pro Ser Leu Leu Ser Ala Val Asp Leu Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp 340 345 350 Pro Leu Lys Glu Pro Pro Leu Val Thr Ala Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile 355 360 365 Leu Ala Val Asp Tyr Pro Val Asp Lys Val Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp 370 375 380 Asp Gly Ala Ser Met Leu Thr Phe Glu Ser Leu Ser Glu Thr Ala Glu 385 390 395 400 Phe Ala Arg Lys Trp Val Pro Phe Cys Lys Lys Phe Gly Ile Glu Pro 405 410 415 Arg Ala Pro Glu Phe Tyr Phe Ser Leu Lys Val Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp 420 425 430 Lys Val Gln Pro Thr Phe Val Gln Glu Arg Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Glu 435 440 445 Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys Val Arg Ile Asn Ala Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Met 450 455 460 Lys Val Pro Ala Glu Gly Trp Ile Met Lys Asp Gly Thr Pro Trp Pro 465 470 475 480 Gly Asn Asn Thr Arg Asp His Pro Gly Met Ile Gln Val Phe Leu Gly 485 490 495 His Ser Gly Gly His Asp Thr Glu Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val 500 505 510 Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Lys Arg Pro Gly Phe Gln His His Lys Lys Ala 515 520 525 Gly Ala Met Asn Ala Leu Ile Arg Val Ser Ala Val Leu Thr Asn Ala 530 535 540 Pro Phe Met Leu Asn Leu Asp Cys Asp His Tyr Ile Asn Asn Ser Lys 545 550 555 560 Ala Ile Arg Glu Ala Met Cys Phe Leu Met Asp Pro Gln Val Gly Arg 565 570 575 Lys Val Cys Tyr Val Gln Phe Pro Gln Arg Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Val 580 585 590 His Asp Arg Tyr Ala Asn Arg Asn Thr Val Phe Phe Asp Ile Asn Met 595 600 605 Lys Gly Leu Asp Gly Ile Gln Gly Pro Val Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys 610 615 620 Val Phe Arg Arg Gln Ala Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Asn Pro Pro Lys Gly Pro 625 630 635 640 Lys Arg Pro Lys Met Val Thr Cys Asp Cys Cys Pro Cys Phe Gly Arg 645 650 655 Lys Lys Arg Lys His Ala Lys Asp Gly Leu Pro Glu Gly Thr Ala Asp 660 665 670 Met Gly Val Asp Ser Asp Lys Glu Met Leu Met Ser His Met Asn Phe 675 680 685 Glu Lys Arg Phe Gly Gln Ser Ala Ala Phe Val Thr Ser Thr Leu Met 690 695 700 Glu Glu Gly Gly Val Pro Pro Ser Ser Ser Pro Ala Ala Leu Leu Lys 705 710 715 720 Glu Ala Ile His Val Ile Ser Cys Gly Tyr Glu Asp Lys Thr Asp Trp 725 730 735 Gly Leu Glu Leu Gly Trp Ile Tyr Gly Ser Ile Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu 740 745 750 Thr Gly Phe Lys Met His Cys Arg Gly Trp Arg Ser Val Tyr Cys Met 755 760 765 Pro Lys Arg Ala Ala Phe Lys Gly Ser Ala Pro Ile Asn Leu Ser Asp 770 775 780 Arg Leu Asn Gln Val Leu Arg Trp Ala Leu Gly Ser Val Glu Ile Phe 785 790 795 800 Phe Ser Arg His Ser Pro Leu Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Lys Asn Gly Asn Leu 805 810 815 Lys Trp Leu Glu Arg Phe Ala Tyr Ile Asn Thr Thr Ile Tyr Pro Phe 820 825 830 Thr Ser Leu Pro Leu Leu Ala Tyr Cys Thr Leu Pro Ala Val Cys Leu 835 840 845 Leu Thr Gly Lys Phe Ile Met Pro Ser Ile Ser Thr Phe Ala Ser Leu 850 855 860 Phe Phe Ile Ala Leu Phe Met Ser Ile Phe Ala Thr Gly Ile Leu Glu 865 870 875 880 Met Arg Trp Ser Gly Val Ser Ile Glu Glu Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln 885 890 895 Phe Trp Val Ile Gly Gly Val Ser Ala His Leu Phe Ala Val Val Gln 900 905 910 Gly Leu Leu Lys Val Leu Ala Gly Ile Asp Thr Asn Phe Thr Val Thr 915 920 925 Ser Lys Ala Thr Gly Asp Glu Asp Asp Glu Phe Ala Glu Leu Tyr Ala 930 935 940 Phe Lys Trp Thr Thr Leu Leu Ile Pro Pro Thr Thr Leu Leu Ile Ile 945 950 955 960 Asn Val Ile Gly Val Val Ala Gly Ile Ser Asp Ala Ile Asn Asn Gly 965 970 975 Tyr Gln Ser Trp Gly Pro Leu Phe Gly Lys Leu Phe Phe Ala Phe Trp 980 985 990 Val Ile Val His Leu Tyr Pro Phe Leu Lys Gly Leu Met Gly Arg Gln 995 1000 1005 Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Val Val Val Ile Trp Ser Ile Leu Leu Ala Ser 1010 1015 1020 Ile Phe Ser Leu Leu Trp Val Arg Ile Asp Pro Phe Ile Val Arg Thr 1025 1030 1035 1040 Lys Gly Pro Asp Val Arg Gln Cys Gly Ile Asn Cys 1045 1050 31 36 DNA Artificial Sequence Sal-A20 oligonucleotide 31 tcgacccacg cgtccgaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaa 36 32 28 DNA Artificial Sequence GSP1 forward primer 32 tacgatgagt acgagaggtc catgctca 28 33 26 DNA Artificial Sequence GSP2 reverse primer 33 ggcaaaagcc cagatgcgag atagac 26 34 32 DNA Artificial Sequence Mu TIR primer 34 agagaagcca acgccawcgc ctcyatttcg tc 32 35 9 DNA Zea mays 35 tggcggccg 9 36 9 DNA Zea mays 36 tctgaaatg 9 37 9 DNA Zea mays 37 gcccacaag 9 38 9 DNA Zea mays 38 catcctggt 9 39 9 DNA Zea mays 39 gtgttcttc 9 40 9 DNA Zea mays 40 gccatgtgg 9 41 3568 DNA Zea mays misc_feature 3487 n = A,T,C or G 41 gtcgacccac gcgtccggag ctcgtcgtca tccgccgcga tggcgagcca gggccgaagc 60 ccatggacca gcggaacggc caggtgtgcc agatttgcgg cgacgacgtg gggcgcaacc 120 ccgacgggga gcctttcgtg gcctgcaacg agtgcgcctt ccccatctgc cgggactgct 180 acgagtacga gcgccgcgag ggcacgcaga actgccccca gtgcaagacc cgcttcaagc 240 gcttcaaggg gtgcgcgcgc gtgcccgggg acgaggagga ggacggcgtc gacgacctgg 300 agaacgagtt caactggagc gacaagcacg actcccagta cctcgccgag tccatgctcc 360 acgcccacat gagctacggc cgcggcgccg acctcgacgg cgtgccgcag ccattccacc 420 ccatccccaa tgttcccctc ctcaccaacg gacagatggt cgatgacatc ccgccggacc 480 agcacgccct tgtgccctcg ttcgtgggtg gcggggggaa gaggattcac cctctcccgt 540 acgcggatcc caaccttcct gtgcaaccga ggtctatgga cccttccaag gatctcgccg 600 catatggcta cgggagcgta gcatggaagg agaggatgga gagctggaag cagaagcagg 660 agaggatgca ccagacgagg aacgatggcg gcggcgatga tggtgatgat gcagatctac 720 cactaatgga tgaagctaga cagccattgt ccagaaagat cccgcttcct tcaagccaaa 780 tcaaccccta taggatgatt ataataattc ggctagtggt tttgtgtttc ttcttccact 840 accgagtgat gcatccggtg cctgatgcat ttgctttatg gctcatatct gtgatctgtg 900 aaatttggtt tgccatgtct tggattcttg accagtttcc aaagtggttt cctatcgaga 960 gggaaaccta tcttgaccgg ctgagtttaa ggtttgacaa ggaagggcat ccttctcaac 1020 tcgcccctgt tgatttcttt gtcagtacgg ttgatccctt gaaggaacct ccattggtca 1080 ctgctaatac tgttctatct atcctttcgg tggattatcc agttgataag gtttcatgct 1140 acgtttctga tgatggtgct gccatgctga catttgaagc attgtctgaa acatctgaat 1200 ttgcaaagaa atgggttcct ttctgcaaaa gatatagcct tgagcctcgt gctccagagt 1260 ggtacttcca acagaagata gactacctga aagacaaggt ggcgccaaac tttgttagag 1320 aacggagagc aatgaagaga gagtatgagg aattcaaggt cagaatcaat gccttggttg 1380 ctaaagccca aaaggttcct gaggaaggat ggacaatgca ggatggaact ccatggcccg 1440 gaaataatgt ccgtgatcat cctggaatga ttcaggtttt ccttggtcaa agtggtggcc 1500 atgatgtgga aggaaatgag ctgcctcgat tggtttatgt ttcaagagaa aaacggccag 1560 gctacaacca tcacaagaag gctggtgcta tgaatgcatt ggtccgagtc tctgctgtac 1620 taactaatgc tccttatttg ctgaacttgg attgtgatca ctatatcaat aatagtaagg 1680 ctataaagga agcaatgtgt tttatgatgg atcctttgct tggaaagaaa gtttgctatg 1740 tgcagtttcc tcaaagattt gatgggattg atcgccatga tcgatatgct aacagaaatg 1800 ttgtcttttt cgatatcaac atgaaaggtt tggatggtat ccagggccca atttatgtgg 1860 gtactggatg tgtcttcaga aggcaggcat tatatggcta cgatgctccc aaaacaaaga 1920 agccaccatc aagaacttgc aactgctggc caaagtggtg catttgctgt tgctgttttg 1980 gtaacaggaa gaccaagaag aagaccaaga cctctaaacc taaatttgag aagataaaga 2040 aactttttaa gaaaaaggaa aatcaagccc ctgcatatgc tcttggtgaa attgatgaag 2100 ccgctccagg agctgaaaat gaaaaggcta gtattgtaaa tcaacagaag ttggaaaaga 2160 aatttggcca gtcttcagtt tttgttgcat ccacacttct tgagaatggt ggaaccctga 2220 agagtgccag tccagcttct cttctgaagg aagctataca tgtcatcagt tgtggatatg 2280 aagacaaaac aggctgggga aaagatattg gttggattta tggatcagtc acagaagata 2340 ttcttactgg gtttaagatg cactgccatg gttggcggtc aatttactgc atacctaaac 2400 gggccgcctt caaaggttcc gcacctctca atctttccga tcgttttcac caggttcttc 2460 ggtgggctct tggttcaatt gaaattttgt tcagcaacca ctgccctctc tggtatgggt 2520 atggtggtgg actaaagttc ctggaaaggt tttcgtacat taactccatc gtataccctt 2580 ggacatctat cccgctcttg gcctattgca cattgcctgc catctgcttg ctgacaggga 2640 aatttatcac gccagagctt aacaatgttg ccagcctctg gttcatgtca cttttcatct 2700 gcatttttgc tacgagcatc ctggaaatga gatggagtgg tgtaggcatc gatgactggt 2760 ggagaaacga gcagttttgg gtcattggag gcgtgtcttc acatctcttt gctgtgttcc 2820 agggactcct caaggtcata gctggtgtag acacgagctt cactgtgaca tccaagggcg 2880 gagacgacga ggagttctca gagctgtaca cattcaaatg gacgaccctt ctgatacctc 2940 cgacaaccct gctcctactg aacttcattg gagtggtagc tggcatctcc aatgcgatca 3000 acaacggata tgaatcatgg ggccccctgt tcgggaagct cttctttgca ttttgggtga 3060 tcgtccatct ttacccgttc ctcaagggtc tggttgggag gcagaacagg acgccaacga 3120 ttgtcattgt ctggtccatc ctcctggctt cgatcttctc gctgctttgg gtccggatcg 3180 acccgttcct tgcgaaggat gatggtcccc tgttggagga gtgtggtctg gattgcaact 3240 aggaggtcag cacgtggact tccccgtcag tgtgtggtcg aagaagtatt tttgcagatg 3300 ttttgtgccc atatttcttt actcaatttt tgtccctctg tagattgaaa caaggggtga 3360 aggggaaaaa aagtacttgt atttcttttg ttccatggtg gtggtggtgg tgggcggctc 3420 agcctcgtga gtgcaatatt gggcaaaccg gaggttgcgg caaccttgtg cagttcgtcc 3480 acgaatntac tagggatgat cgcgaccaat caatcaatcg atgaccgagt tcaattgttc 3540 aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaagg gcggccgc 3568 42 1059 PRT Zea mays 42 Met Asp Gln Arg Asn Gly Gln Val Cys Gln Ile Cys Gly Asp Asp Val 1 5 10 15 Gly Arg Asn Pro Asp Gly Glu Pro Phe Val Ala Cys Asn Glu Cys Ala 20 25 30 Phe Pro Ile Cys Arg Asp Cys Tyr Glu Tyr Glu Arg Arg Glu Gly Thr 35 40 45 Gln Asn Cys Pro Gln Cys Lys Thr Arg Phe Lys Arg Phe Lys Gly Cys 50 55 60 Ala Arg Val Pro Gly Asp Glu Glu Glu Asp Gly Val Asp Asp Leu Glu 65 70 75 80 Asn Glu Phe Asn Trp Ser Asp Lys His Asp Ser Gln Tyr Leu Ala Glu 85 90 95 Ser Met Leu His Ala His Met Ser Tyr Gly Arg Gly Ala Asp Leu Asp 100 105 110 Gly Val Pro Gln Pro Phe His Pro Ile Pro Asn Val Pro Leu Leu Thr 115 120 125 Asn Gly Gln Met Val Asp Asp Ile Pro Pro Asp Gln His Ala Leu Val 130 135 140 Pro Ser Phe Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Lys Arg Ile His Pro Leu Pro Tyr 145 150 155 160 Ala Asp Pro Asn Leu Pro Val Gln Pro Arg Ser Met Asp Pro Ser Lys 165 170 175 Asp Leu Ala Ala Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ser Val Ala Trp Lys Glu Arg Met 180 185 190 Glu Ser Trp Lys Gln Lys Gln Glu Arg Met His Gln Thr Arg Asn Asp 195 200 205 Gly Gly Gly Asp Asp Gly Asp Asp Ala Asp Leu Pro Leu Met Asp Glu 210 215 220 Ala Arg Gln Pro Leu Ser Arg Lys Ile Pro Leu Pro Ser Ser Gln Ile 225 230 235 240 Asn Pro Tyr Arg Met Ile Ile Ile Ile Arg Leu Val Val Leu Cys Phe 245 250 255 Phe Phe His Tyr Arg Val Met His Pro Val Pro Asp Ala Phe Ala Leu 260 265 270 Trp Leu Ile Ser Val Ile Cys Glu Ile Trp Phe Ala Met Ser Trp Ile 275 280 285 Leu Asp Gln Phe Pro Lys Trp Phe Pro Ile Glu Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu 290 295 300 Asp Arg Leu Ser Leu Arg Phe Asp Lys Glu Gly His Pro Ser Gln Leu 305 310 315 320 Ala Pro Val Asp Phe Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp Pro Leu Lys Glu Pro 325 330 335 Pro Leu Val Thr Ala Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile Leu Ser Val Asp Tyr 340 345 350 Pro Val Asp Lys Val Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp Asp Gly Ala Ala Met 355 360 365 Leu Thr Phe Glu Ala Leu Ser Glu Thr Ser Glu Phe Ala Lys Lys Trp 370 375 380 Val Pro Phe Cys Lys Arg Tyr Ser Leu Glu Pro Arg Ala Pro Glu Trp 385 390 395 400 Tyr Phe Gln Gln Lys Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp Lys Val Ala Pro Asn 405 410 415 Phe Val Arg Glu Arg Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Glu Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys 420 425 430 Val Arg Ile Asn Ala Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Gln Lys Val Pro Glu Glu 435 440 445 Gly Trp Thr Met Gln Asp Gly Thr Pro Trp Pro Gly Asn Asn Val Arg 450 455 460 Asp His Pro Gly Met Ile Gln Val Phe Leu Gly Gln Ser Gly Gly His 465 470 475 480 Asp Val Glu Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu 485 490 495 Lys Arg Pro Gly Tyr Asn His His Lys Lys Ala Gly Ala Met Asn Ala 500 505 510 Leu Val Arg Val Ser Ala Val Leu Thr Asn Ala Pro Tyr Leu Leu Asn 515 520 525 Leu Asp Cys Asp His Tyr Ile Asn Asn Ser Lys Ala Ile Lys Glu Ala 530 535 540 Met Cys Phe Met Met Asp Pro Leu Leu Gly Lys Lys Val Cys Tyr Val 545 550 555 560 Gln Phe Pro Gln Arg Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Arg His Asp Arg Tyr Ala 565 570 575 Asn Arg Asn Val Val Phe Phe Asp Ile Asn Met Lys Gly Leu Asp Gly 580 585 590 Ile Gln Gly Pro Ile Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys Val Phe Arg Arg Gln 595 600 605 Ala Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Asp Ala Pro Lys Thr Lys Lys Pro Pro Ser Arg 610 615 620 Thr Cys Asn Cys Trp Pro Lys Trp Cys Ile Cys Cys Cys Cys Phe Gly 625 630 635 640 Asn Arg Lys Thr Lys Lys Lys Thr Lys Thr Ser Lys Pro Lys Phe Glu 645 650 655 Lys Ile Lys Lys Leu Phe Lys Lys Lys Glu Asn Gln Ala Pro Ala Tyr 660 665 670 Ala Leu Gly Glu Ile Asp Glu Ala Ala Pro Gly Ala Glu Asn Glu Lys 675 680 685 Ala Ser Ile Val Asn Gln Gln Lys Leu Glu Lys Lys Phe Gly Gln Ser 690 695 700 Ser Val Phe Val Ala Ser Thr Leu Leu Glu Asn Gly Gly Thr Leu Lys 705 710 715 720 Ser Ala Ser Pro Ala Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Ile His Val Ile Ser 725 730 735 Cys Gly Tyr Glu Asp Lys Thr Gly Trp Gly Lys Asp Ile Gly Trp Ile 740 745 750 Tyr Gly Ser Val Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe Lys Met His Cys 755 760 765 His Gly Trp Arg Ser Ile Tyr Cys Ile Pro Lys Arg Ala Ala Phe Lys 770 775 780 Gly Ser Ala Pro Leu Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Phe His Gln Val Leu Arg 785 790 795 800 Trp Ala Leu Gly Ser Ile Glu Ile Leu Phe Ser Asn His Cys Pro Leu 805 810 815 Trp Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Gly Leu Lys Phe Leu Glu Arg Phe Ser Tyr 820 825 830 Ile Asn Ser Ile Val Tyr Pro Trp Thr Ser Ile Pro Leu Leu Ala Tyr 835 840 845 Cys Thr Leu Pro Ala Ile Cys Leu Leu Thr Gly Lys Phe Ile Thr Pro 850 855 860 Glu Leu Asn Asn Val Ala Ser Leu Trp Phe Met Ser Leu Phe Ile Cys 865 870 875 880 Ile Phe Ala Thr Ser Ile Leu Glu Met Arg Trp Ser Gly Val Gly Ile 885 890 895 Asp Asp Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile Gly Gly Val Ser 900 905 910 Ser His Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Gln Gly Leu Leu Lys Val Ile Ala Gly 915 920 925 Val Asp Thr Ser Phe Thr Val Thr Ser Lys Gly Gly Asp Asp Glu Glu 930 935 940 Phe Ser Glu Leu Tyr Thr Phe Lys Trp Thr Thr Leu Leu Ile Pro Pro 945 950 955 960 Thr Thr Leu Leu Leu Leu Asn Phe Ile Gly Val Val Ala Gly Ile Ser 965 970 975 Asn Ala Ile Asn Asn Gly Tyr Glu Ser Trp Gly Pro Leu Phe Gly Lys 980 985 990 Leu Phe Phe Ala Phe Trp Val Ile Val His Leu Tyr Pro Phe Leu Lys 995 1000 1005 Gly Leu Val Gly Arg Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Ile Val Ile Val Trp 1010 1015 1020 Ser Ile Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Phe Ser Leu Leu Trp Val Arg Ile Asp 1025 1030 1035 1040 Pro Phe Leu Ala Lys Asp Asp Gly Pro Leu Leu Glu Glu Cys Gly Leu 1045 1050 1055 Asp Cys Asn 43 25 DNA Artificial Sequence amplicon 43 atggaccagc ggaacggcca ggtgt 25 44 25 DNA Artificial Sequence amplicon 44 ctagttgcaa tccagaccac actcc 25 45 3725 DNA Zea mays 45 gcagcagcag caccaccact gcgcggcatt gcagcgagca agcgggaggg atctggggca 60 tggtggcggt cgctgccgct gccgctcgga tctagagggc cgcacgggct gattgccctc 120 cgccggcctc gtcggtgtcg gtggagtgtg aatcggtgtg tgtaggagga gcgcggagat 180 ggcggccaac aaggggatgg tggcaggctc tcacaaccgc aacgagttcg tcatgatccg 240 ccacgacggc gacgcgcctg tcccggctaa gcccacgaag agtgcgaatg ggcaggtctg 300 ccagatttgt ggcgacactg ttggcgtttc agccactggt gatgtctttg ttgcctgcaa 360 tgagtgtgcc ttccctgtct gccgcccttg ctatgagtac gagcgcaagg aagggaacca 420 atgctgccct cagtgcaaga ctagatacaa gagacagaaa ggtagccctc gagttcatgg 480 tgatgatgag gaggaagatg ttgatgacct ggacaatgaa ttcaactata agcaaggcaa 540 tgggaagggc ccagagtggc agcttcaagg agatgacgct gatctgtctt catctgctcg 600 ccatgaccca caccatcgga ttccacgcct tacaagtgga caacagatat ctggagagat 660 ccctgatgca tcccctgacc gtcattctat ccgcagtcca acatcgagct atgttgatcc 720 aagcgttcca gttcctgtga ggattgtgga cccctcgaag gacttgaatt cctatgggct 780 taatagtgtt gactggaagg aaagagttga gagctggagg gttaaacagg acaaaaatat 840 gttgcaagtg actaataaat atccagaggc tagaggagac atggagggga ctggctcaaa 900 tggagaagat atgcaaatgg ttgatgatgc acgcctacct ttgagccgca ttgtgccaat 960 ttcctcaaac cagctcaacc tttaccggat agtaatcatt ctccgtctta tcatcctgtg 1020 cttcttcttc caatatcgta tcagtcatcc agtgcgtaat gcttatggat tgtggctagt 1080 atctgttatc tgtgaggtct ggtttgcctt gtcctggctt ctagatcagt tcccaaaatg 1140 gtatccaatc aaccgtgaga catatctcga caggcttgca ttgaggtatg atagagaggg 1200 agagccatca cagctggctc ccattgatgt ctttgtcagt acagtggatc cattgaagga 1260 acctccactg atcacagcca acactgtttt gtccattctt gctgtggatt accctgttga 1320 caaagtgtca tgctatgttt ctgatgatgg ctcagctatg ctgacttttg agtctctctc 1380 tgaaactgcc gaatttgcta gaaagtgggt tcccttttgt aagaagcaca atattgaacc 1440 aagagctcca gaattttact ttgctcaaaa aatagattac ctgaaggaca aaattcaacc 1500 ttcatttgtt aaggaaagac gagcaatgaa gagagagtat gaagaattca aaataagaat 1560 caatgccctt gttgccaaag cacagaaagt gcctgaagag gggtggacca tggctgatgg 1620 aactgcttgg cctgggaata accctaggga ccatcctggc atgattcagg tgttcttggg 1680 gcacagtggt gggcttgaca ctgatggaaa tgaattacca cgtcttgtct atgtctctcg 1740 tgaaaagaga ccaggctttc agcatcacaa gaaggctggt gcaatgaatg cactgattcg 1800 tgtatctgct gtgctgacaa atggtgccta tcttctcaat gtggattgtg accattactt 1860 caatagcagc aaagctctta gagaagcaat gtgcttcatg atggatccag ctctaggaag 1920 gaaaacttgt tatgtacaat ttccacaaag atttgatggc attgacttgc acgatcgata 1980 tgctaatagg aacatagtct tctttgatat caacatgaaa ggtctagatg gcattcaggg 2040 tccagtctat gtgggaacag gatgctgttt caataggcag gctttgtatg gatatgatcc 2100 tgttttgact gaagctgatc tggaacctaa cattgttgtt aagagctgct gtggtagaag 2160 gaagagaaag aacaagagtt atatggatag tcaaagccgt attatgaaga gaacagaatc 2220 ttcagctccc atctttaaca tggaagacat cgaggagggt attgaaggtt atgaggatga 2280 aaggtcagtg cttatgtccc agaggaaatt ggagaaacgc tttggtcagt ctccaatctt 2340 cattgcatcc acctttatga ctcaaggtgg cataccacct tcaacaaacc cagcttctct 2400 actgaaggaa gctatccatg ttatcagctg tgggtacgag gacaaaactg aatggggaaa 2460 agagattggc tggatctatg gttcagttac agaggatatt ctgactgggt ttaaaatgca 2520 tgcaagaggc tggcaatcaa tctactgcat gccaccacga ccttgtttca agggttctgc 2580 accaatcaat ctttctgatc gtcttaatca ggtgctccgt tgggctcttg ggtcagtgga 2640 aattctgctt agcagacatt gtcctatatg gtatggctac aatgggcgat tgaagctttt 2700 ggagaggctg gcttacatta acaccattgt ttatccaatc acatctgttc cgcttatcgc 2760 ctattgtgtg cttcctgcta tctgtcttct taccaataaa tttatcattc ctgagattag 2820 taattatgct ggaatgttct tcattcttct ttttgcctcc attttcgcaa ctggtatatt 2880 ggagctcaga tggagtggtg ttggcattga agattggtgg agaaatgagc agttttgggt 2940 tattggtggc acctctgccc atctcttcgc ggtgttccag ggtctgctga aagtgttggc 3000 tgggattgat accaacttca cagttacctc aaaggcatct gatgaggatg gcgactttgc 3060 tgagctatat gtgttcaagt ggaccagttt gctcatccct ccgaccactg ttcttgtcat 3120 taacctggtc ggaatggtgg caggaatttc gtatgccatt aacagcggct accaatcctg 3180 gggtccgctc tttggaaagc tgttcttctc gatctgggtg atcctccatc tctacccctt 3240 cctcaagggt ctcatgggca ggcagaaccg cacgccaaca atcgtcatcg tttggtccat 3300 cctccttgcg tctatcttct ccttgctgtg ggtgaagatc gatcctttca tctccccgac 3360 acagaaagct gccgccttgg ggcaatgtgg tgtgaactgc tgatccagat tgtgactctt 3420 atctgaagag gctcagccaa agatctgccc cctcgtgtaa atacctgagg gggctagatg 3480 ggaatttttt gttgtagatg aggatggatc tgcatccaag ttatgcctct gtttattagc 3540 ttcttcggtg ccggtgctgc tgcagacaat catggagcct ttctaccttg cttgtagtgc 3600 tggccagcag cgtaaattgt gaattctgca tttttttata cgtggtgttt attgttttag 3660 agtaaattat catttgtttg aggtaactat tcacacgaac tatatggcaa tgctgttatt 3720 taaaa 3725 46 1074 PRT Zea mays 46 Met Ala Ala Asn Lys Gly Met Val Ala Gly Ser His Asn Arg Asn Glu 1 5 10 15 Phe Val Met Ile Arg His Asp Gly Asp Ala Pro Val Pro Ala Lys Pro 20 25 30 Thr Lys Ser Ala Asn Gly Gln Val Cys Gln Ile Cys Gly Asp Thr Val 35 40 45 Gly Val Ser Ala Thr Gly Asp Val Phe Val Ala Cys Asn Glu Cys Ala 50 55 60 Phe Pro Val Cys Arg Pro Cys Tyr Glu Tyr Glu Arg Lys Glu Gly Asn 65 70 75 80 Gln Cys Cys Pro Gln Cys Lys Thr Arg Tyr Lys Arg Gln Lys Gly Ser 85 90 95 Pro Arg Val His Gly Asp Asp Glu Glu Glu Asp Val Asp Asp Leu Asp 100 105 110 Asn Glu Phe Asn Tyr Lys Gln Gly Asn Gly Lys Gly Pro Glu Trp Gln 115 120 125 Leu Gln Gly Asp Asp Ala Asp Leu Ser Ser Ser Ala Arg His Asp Pro 130 135 140 His His Arg Ile Pro Arg Leu Thr Ser Gly Gln Gln Ile Ser Gly Glu 145 150 155 160 Ile Pro Asp Ala Ser Pro Asp Arg His Ser Ile Arg Ser Pro Thr Ser 165 170 175 Ser Tyr Val Asp Pro Ser Val Pro Val Pro Val Arg Ile Val Asp Pro 180 185 190 Ser Lys Asp Leu Asn Ser Tyr Gly Leu Asn Ser Val Asp Trp Lys Glu 195 200 205 Arg Val Glu Ser Trp Arg Val Lys Gln Asp Lys Asn Met Leu Gln Val 210 215 220 Thr Asn Lys Tyr Pro Glu Ala Arg Gly Asp Met Glu Gly Thr Gly Ser 225 230 235 240 Asn Gly Glu Asp Met Gln Met Val Asp Asp Ala Arg Leu Pro Leu Ser 245 250 255 Arg Ile Val Pro Ile Ser Ser Asn Gln Leu Asn Leu Tyr Arg Ile Val 260 265 270 Ile Ile Leu Arg Leu Ile Ile Leu Cys Phe Phe Phe Gln Tyr Arg Ile 275 280 285 Ser His Pro Val Arg Asn Ala Tyr Gly Leu Trp Leu Val Ser Val Ile 290 295 300 Cys Glu Val Trp Phe Ala Leu Ser Trp Leu Leu Asp Gln Phe Pro Lys 305 310 315 320 Trp Tyr Pro Ile Asn Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Asp Arg Leu Ala Leu Arg 325 330 335 Tyr Asp Arg Glu Gly Glu Pro Ser Gln Leu Ala Pro Ile Asp Val Phe 340 345 350 Val Ser Thr Val Asp Pro Leu Lys Glu Pro Pro Leu Ile Thr Ala Asn 355 360 365 Thr Val Leu Ser Ile Leu Ala Val Asp Tyr Pro Val Asp Lys Val Ser 370 375 380 Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp Asp Gly Ser Ala Met Leu Thr Phe Glu Ser Leu 385 390 395 400 Ser Glu Thr Ala Glu Phe Ala Arg Lys Trp Val Pro Phe Cys Lys Lys 405 410 415 His Asn Ile Glu Pro Arg Ala Pro Glu Phe Tyr Phe Ala Gln Lys Ile 420 425 430 Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp Lys Ile Gln Pro Ser Phe Val Lys Glu Arg Arg 435 440 445 Ala Met Lys Arg Glu Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys Ile Arg Ile Asn Ala Leu 450 455 460 Val Ala Lys Ala Gln Lys Val Pro Glu Glu Gly Trp Thr Met Ala Asp 465 470 475 480 Gly Thr Ala Trp Pro Gly Asn Asn Pro Arg Asp His Pro Gly Met Ile 485 490 495 Gln Val Phe Leu Gly His Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Thr Asp Gly Asn Glu 500 505 510 Leu Pro Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Lys Arg Pro Gly Phe Gln 515 520 525 His His Lys Lys Ala Gly Ala Met Asn Ala Leu Ile Arg Val Ser Ala 530 535 540 Val Leu Thr Asn Gly Ala Tyr Leu Leu Asn Val Asp Cys Asp His Tyr 545 550 555 560 Phe Asn Ser Ser Lys Ala Leu Arg Glu Ala Met Cys Phe Met Met Asp 565 570 575 Pro Ala Leu Gly Arg Lys Thr Cys Tyr Val Gln Phe Pro Gln Arg Phe 580 585 590 Asp Gly Ile Asp Leu His Asp Arg Tyr Ala Asn Arg Asn Ile Val Phe 595 600 605 Phe Asp Ile Asn Met Lys Gly Leu Asp Gly Ile Gln Gly Pro Val Tyr 610 615 620 Val Gly Thr Gly Cys Cys Phe Asn Arg Gln Ala Leu Tyr Gly Tyr Asp 625 630 635 640 Pro Val Leu Thr Glu Ala Asp Leu Glu Pro Asn Ile Val Val Lys Ser 645 650 655 Cys Cys Gly Arg Arg Lys Arg Lys Asn Lys Ser Tyr Met Asp Ser Gln 660 665 670 Ser Arg Ile Met Lys Arg Thr Glu Ser Ser Ala Pro Ile Phe Asn Met 675 680 685 Glu Asp Ile Glu Glu Gly Ile Glu Gly Tyr Glu Asp Glu Arg Ser Val 690 695 700 Leu Met Ser Gln Arg Lys Leu Glu Lys Arg Phe Gly Gln Ser Pro Ile 705 710 715 720 Phe Ile Ala Ser Thr Phe Met Thr Gln Gly Gly Ile Pro Pro Ser Thr 725 730 735 Asn Pro Ala Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Ile His Val Ile Ser Cys Gly 740 745 750 Tyr Glu Asp Lys Thr Glu Trp Gly Lys Glu Ile Gly Trp Ile Tyr Gly 755 760 765 Ser Val Thr Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe Lys Met His Ala Arg Gly 770 775 780 Trp Gln Ser Ile Tyr Cys Met Pro Pro Arg Pro Cys Phe Lys Gly Ser 785 790 795 800 Ala Pro Ile Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Leu Asn Gln Val Leu Arg Trp Ala 805 810 815 Leu Gly Ser Val Glu Ile Leu Leu Ser Arg His Cys Pro Ile Trp Tyr 820 825 830 Gly Tyr Asn Gly Arg Leu Lys Leu Leu Glu Arg Leu Ala Tyr Ile Asn 835 840 845 Thr Ile Val Tyr Pro Ile Thr Ser Val Pro Leu Ile Ala Tyr Cys Val 850 855 860 Leu Pro Ala Ile Cys Leu Leu Thr Asn Lys Phe Ile Ile Pro Glu Ile 865 870 875 880 Ser Asn Tyr Ala Gly Met Phe Phe Ile Leu Leu Phe Ala Ser Ile Phe 885 890 895 Ala Thr Gly Ile Leu Glu Leu Arg Trp Ser Gly Val Gly Ile Glu Asp 900 905 910 Trp Trp Arg Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile Gly Gly Thr Ser Ala His 915 920 925 Leu Phe Ala Val Phe Gln Gly Leu Leu Lys Val Leu Ala Gly Ile Asp 930 935 940 Thr Asn Phe Thr Val Thr Ser Lys Ala Ser Asp Glu Asp Gly Asp Phe 945 950 955 960 Ala Glu Leu Tyr Val Phe Lys Trp Thr Ser Leu Leu Ile Pro Pro Thr 965 970 975 Thr Val Leu Val Ile Asn Leu Val Gly Met Val Ala Gly Ile Ser Tyr 980 985 990 Ala Ile Asn Ser Gly Tyr Gln Ser Trp Gly Pro Leu Phe Gly Lys Leu 995 1000 1005 Phe Phe Ser Ile Trp Val Ile Leu His Leu Tyr Pro Phe Leu Lys Gly 1010 1015 1020 Leu Met Gly Arg Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Ile Val Ile Val Trp Ser 1025 1030 1035 1040 Ile Leu Leu Ala Ser Ile Phe Ser Leu Leu Trp Val Lys Ile Asp Pro 1045 1050 1055 Phe Ile Ser Pro Thr Gln Lys Ala Ala Ala Leu Gly Gln Cys Gly Val 1060 1065 1070 Asn Cys 47 25 DNA Artificial Sequence amplicon 47 atggcggcca acaaggggat ggtgg 25 48 25 DNA Artificial Sequence amplicon 48 tcagcagttc acaccacatt gcccc 25 49 3969 DNA Zea mays 49 cttctccctc gtcggtgcgg cgtggcgcgg ctcggcgttc ggtgagaaac cactcggggg 60 atgaggatct gctgctagag tgagaggagc tacggtcagt atcctctgcc ttcgtcggcg 120 gcggaagtgg aggggaggaa gcgatggagg cgagcgccgg gctggtggcc ggctcccaca 180 accgcaacga gctcgtcgtc atccgccgcg acggcgatcc cgggccgaag ccgccgcggg 240 agcagaacgg gcaggtgtgc cagatttgcg gcgacgacgt cggccttgcc cccggcgggg 300 accccttcgt ggcgtgcaac gagtgcgcct tccccgtctg ccgggactgc tacgaatacg 360 agcgccggga gggcacgcag aactgccccc agtgcaagac tcgatacaag cgcctcaagg 420 gctgccaacg tgtgaccggt gacgaggagg aggacggcgt cgatgacctg gacaacgagt 480 tcaactggga cggccatgac tcgcagtctg tggccgagtc catgctctac ggccacatga 540 gctacggccg tggaggtgac cctaatggcg cgccacaagc tttccagctc aaccccaatg 600 ttccactcct caccaacggg caaatggtgg atgacatccc accggagcag cacgcgctgg 660 tgccttcttt catgggtggt gggggaaaga ggatacatcc ccttccttat gcggatccca 720 gcttacctgt gcaacccagg tctatggacc catccaagga tcttgctgca tatgggtatg 780 gtagtgttgc ttggaaggaa cggatggaga attggaagca gagacaagag aggatgcacc 840 agacggggaa tgatggtggt ggtgatgatg gtgacgatgc tgatctacca ctaatggatg 900 aagcaagaca acaactgtcc aggaaaattc cacttccatc aagccagatt aatccatata 960 ggatgattat cattattcgg cttgtggttt tggggttctt cttccactac cgagtgatgc 1020 atccggtgaa tgatgcattt gctttgtggc tcatatctgt tatctgtgaa atctggtttg 1080 ccatgtcttg gattcttgat caattcccaa agtggttccc tattgagaga gagacttacc 1140 tagaccggct gtcactgagg ttcgacaagg aaggccagcc atctcaactt gctccaattg 1200 atttctttgt cagtacggtt gatcccttaa aggaacctcc tttggtcaca acaaatactg 1260 ttctatctat cctttcggtg gattatcctg ttgataaggt ttcttgctat gtttctgatg 1320 atggtgctgc aatgctaacg tttgaagcat tatctgaaac atctgaattt gcaaagaaat 1380 gggttccttt ctgcaaacgg tacaatattg aacctcgcgc tccagagtgg tacttccaac 1440 agaagataga ctacttgaaa gacaaggtgg cagcaaactt tgttagggag aggagagcaa 1500 tgaagagaga gtatgaggaa ttcaaggtga gaatcaatgc cttagttgcc aaagcccaga 1560 aagttcctga agaaggatgg acaatgcaag atggaacccc ctggcctgga aacaatgttc 1620 gtgatcatcc tggaatgatt caggtcttcc ttggccaaag cggaggcctt gactgtgagg 1680 gaaatgaact gccacgattg gtttatgttt ctagagagaa acgaccaggc tataaccatc 1740 ataagaaagc tggtgctatg aatgcattgg tccgagtctc tgctgtacta acaaatgctc 1800 catatttgtt aaacttggat tgtgatcact acatcaacaa cagcaaggct ataaaggaag 1860 caatgtgttt tatgatggac cctttactag gaaagaaggt ttgctatgta cagttccctc 1920 aaagatttga tgggattgat cgccatgacc gatatgctaa ccggaatgtt gtcttttttg 1980 atatcaacat gaaaggtttg gatggtattc agggtccaat ttatgttggt actggatgtg 2040 tatttagaag gcaggcatta tatggttatg atgcccccaa aacaaagaag ccaccatcaa 2100 ggacttgcaa ctgctggccc aagtggtgct tttgctgttg ctgctttggc aataggaagc 2160 aaaagaagac taccaaaccc aaaacagaga agaaaaagtt attatttttc aagaaagaag 2220 agaaccaatc ccctgcatat gctcttggtg aaattgacga agctgctcca ggagctgaga 2280 atgaaaaggc cggtattgta aatcaacaaa aattagaaaa gaaatttggc caatcttctg 2340 tttttgttac atccacactt ctcgagaatg gtggaacctt gaagagtgca agtcctgctt 2400 ctcttttgaa agaagctata catgtcatta gttgtggtta tgaagacaag acagactggg 2460 gaaaagagat tggctggatc tatggatcag ttacagaaga tattctaact ggtttcaaga 2520 tgcattgtca tggttggcgg tcaatttact gcatacctaa acgggttgca ttcaaaggtt 2580 ctgcacctct gaatctttca gatcgtcttc accaggtgct tcggtgggct cttgggtcta 2640 ttgagatctt cttcagcaat cattgccctc tttggtatgg gtatggtggc ggtctgaaat 2700 ttttggaaag attttcctac atcaactcca tcgtgtatcc ttggacatct attcccctct 2760 tggcttactg tacattgcct gccatctgtt tattgacagg gaaatttatc actccagagc 2820 tgaataatgt tgccagcctg tggttcatgt cactttttat ctgcattttt gctacgagca 2880 tcctagaaat gagatggagt ggtgttggaa ttgatgactg gtggaggaat gagcagttct 2940 gggtcattgg aggtgtgtcc tcacacctct ttgctgtgtt ccagggactt ctcaaggtca 3000 tagctggtgt tgatacaagc ttcaccgtga catcaaaggg tggagatgat gaggagttct 3060 cagagctata tacattcaaa tggactacct tattgatacc tcctaccacc ttgcttctat 3120 tgaacttcat tggtgtggtc gctggcgttt caaatgcgat caataacgga tatgagtcat 3180 ggggccccct ctttgggaag ctattctttg cattttgggt gattgtccat ctttatccct 3240 ttctcaaagg tttggttgga aggcaaaaca ggacaccaac gattgtcatc gtctggtcca 3300 ttctgctggc ttcaatcttc tcgctccttt gggttcggat tgatcctttc cttgcgaagg 3360 atgatggtcc gcttcttgag gagtgtggtt tggattgcaa ctaggatgtc agtgcatcag 3420 ctcccccaat ctgcatatgc ttgaagtata ttttctggtg tttgtcccca tattcagtgt 3480 ctgtagataa gagacatgaa atgtcccaag tttcttttga tccatggtga acctacttaa 3540 tatctgagag atatactggg ggaaaatgga ggctgcggca atccttgtgc agttgggccg 3600 tggaatacag catatgcaag tgtttgattg tgcagcattc tttattactt ggtcgcaata 3660 tagatgggct gagccgaaca gcaaggtatt ttgattctgc actgctcccg tgtacaaact 3720 tggttctcaa taaggcaggc aggaatgcat ctgccagtgg aacagagcaa cctgcacatt 3780 atttatgtat gcctgttcat tggagggctt gttcattaca tgttcgtcta tactagaaaa 3840 aacagaatat tagcattaat ctatagttaa ttaaagtatg taaatgcgcc tgttttttgt 3900 tgtgtactgt aatcatctga gttggttttg tgaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa 3960 aaaaaaaaa 3969 50 1086 PRT Zea mays 50 Met Glu Ala Ser Ala Gly Leu Val Ala Gly Ser His Asn Arg Asn Glu 1 5 10 15 Leu Val Val Ile Arg Arg Asp Gly Asp Pro Gly Pro Lys Pro Pro Arg 20 25 30 Glu Gln Asn Gly Gln Val Cys Gln Ile Cys Gly Asp Asp Val Gly Leu 35 40 45 Ala Pro Gly Gly Asp Pro Phe Val Ala Cys Asn Glu Cys Ala Phe Pro 50 55 60 Val Cys Arg Asp Cys Tyr Glu Tyr Glu Arg Arg Glu Gly Thr Gln Asn 65 70 75 80 Cys Pro Gln Cys Lys Thr Arg Tyr Lys Arg Leu Lys Gly Cys Gln Arg 85 90 95 Val Thr Gly Asp Glu Glu Glu Asp Gly Val Asp Asp Leu Asp Asn Glu 100 105 110 Phe Asn Trp Asp Gly His Asp Ser Gln Ser Val Ala Glu Ser Met Leu 115 120 125 Tyr Gly His Met Ser Tyr Gly Arg Gly Gly Asp Pro Asn Gly Ala Pro 130 135 140 Gln Ala Phe Gln Leu Asn Pro Asn Val Pro Leu Leu Thr Asn Gly Gln 145 150 155 160 Met Val Asp Asp Ile Pro Pro Glu Gln His Ala Leu Val Pro Ser Phe 165 170 175 Met Gly Gly Gly Gly Lys Arg Ile His Pro Leu Pro Tyr Ala Asp Pro 180 185 190 Ser Leu Pro Val Gln Pro Arg Ser Met Asp Pro Ser Lys Asp Leu Ala 195 200 205 Ala Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ser Val Ala Trp Lys Glu Arg Met Glu Asn Trp 210 215 220 Lys Gln Arg Gln Glu Arg Met His Gln Thr Gly Asn Asp Gly Gly Gly 225 230 235 240 Asp Asp Gly Asp Asp Ala Asp Leu Pro Leu Met Asp Glu Ala Arg Gln 245 250 255 Gln Leu Ser Arg Lys Ile Pro Leu Pro Ser Ser Gln Ile Asn Pro Tyr 260 265 270 Arg Met Ile Ile Ile Ile Arg Leu Val Val Leu Gly Phe Phe Phe His 275 280 285 Tyr Arg Val Met His Pro Val Asn Asp Ala Phe Ala Leu Trp Leu Ile 290 295 300 Ser Val Ile Cys Glu Ile Trp Phe Ala Met Ser Trp Ile Leu Asp Gln 305 310 315 320 Phe Pro Lys Trp Phe Pro Ile Glu Arg Glu Thr Tyr Leu Asp Arg Leu 325 330 335 Ser Leu Arg Phe Asp Lys Glu Gly Gln Pro Ser Gln Leu Ala Pro Ile 340 345 350 Asp Phe Phe Val Ser Thr Val Asp Pro Leu Lys Glu Pro Pro Leu Val 355 360 365 Thr Thr Asn Thr Val Leu Ser Ile Leu Ser Val Asp Tyr Pro Val Asp 370 375 380 Lys Val Ser Cys Tyr Val Ser Asp Asp Gly Ala Ala Met Leu Thr Phe 385 390 395 400 Glu Ala Leu Ser Glu Thr Ser Glu Phe Ala Lys Lys Trp Val Pro Phe 405 410 415 Cys Lys Arg Tyr Asn Ile Glu Pro Arg Ala Pro Glu Trp Tyr Phe Gln 420 425 430 Gln Lys Ile Asp Tyr Leu Lys Asp Lys Val Ala Ala Asn Phe Val Arg 435 440 445 Glu Arg Arg Ala Met Lys Arg Glu Tyr Glu Glu Phe Lys Val Arg Ile 450 455 460 Asn Ala Leu Val Ala Lys Ala Gln Lys Val Pro Glu Glu Gly Trp Thr 465 470 475 480 Met Gln Asp Gly Thr Pro Trp Pro Gly Asn Asn Val Arg Asp His Pro 485 490 495 Gly Met Ile Gln Val Phe Leu Gly Gln Ser Gly Gly Leu Asp Cys Glu 500 505 510 Gly Asn Glu Leu Pro Arg Leu Val Tyr Val Ser Arg Glu Lys Arg Pro 515 520 525 Gly Tyr Asn His His Lys Lys Ala Gly Ala Met Asn Ala Leu Val Arg 530 535 540 Val Ser Ala Val Leu Thr Asn Ala Pro Tyr Leu Leu Asn Leu Asp Cys 545 550 555 560 Asp His Tyr Ile Asn Asn Ser Lys Ala Ile Lys Glu Ala Met Cys Phe 565 570 575 Met Met Asp Pro Leu Leu Gly Lys Lys Val Cys Tyr Val Gln Phe Pro 580 585 590 Gln Arg Phe Asp Gly Ile Asp Arg His Asp Arg Tyr Ala Asn Arg Asn 595 600 605 Val Val Phe Phe Asp Ile Asn Met Lys Gly Leu Asp Gly Ile Gln Gly 610 615 620 Pro Ile Tyr Val Gly Thr Gly Cys Val Phe Arg Arg Gln Ala Leu Tyr 625 630 635 640 Gly Tyr Asp Ala Pro Lys Thr Lys Lys Pro Pro Ser Arg Thr Cys Asn 645 650 655 Cys Trp Pro Lys Trp Cys Phe Cys Cys Cys Cys Phe Gly Asn Arg Lys 660 665 670 Gln Lys Lys Thr Thr Lys Pro Lys Thr Glu Lys Lys Lys Leu Leu Phe 675 680 685 Phe Lys Lys Glu Glu Asn Gln Ser Pro Ala Tyr Ala Leu Gly Glu Ile 690 695 700 Asp Glu Ala Ala Pro Gly Ala Glu Asn Glu Lys Ala Gly Ile Val Asn 705 710 715 720 Gln Gln Lys Leu Glu Lys Lys Phe Gly Gln Ser Ser Val Phe Val Thr 725 730 735 Ser Thr Leu Leu Glu Asn Gly Gly Thr Leu Lys Ser Ala Ser Pro Ala 740 745 750 Ser Leu Leu Lys Glu Ala Ile His Val Ile Ser Cys Gly Tyr Glu Asp 755 760 765 Lys Thr Asp Trp Gly Lys Glu Ile Gly Trp Ile Tyr Gly Ser Val Thr 770 775 780 Glu Asp Ile Leu Thr Gly Phe Lys Met His Cys His Gly Trp Arg Ser 785 790 795 800 Ile Tyr Cys Ile Pro Lys Arg Val Ala Phe Lys Gly Ser Ala Pro Leu 805 810 815 Asn Leu Ser Asp Arg Leu His Gln Val Leu Arg Trp Ala Leu Gly Ser 820 825 830 Ile Glu Ile Phe Phe Ser Asn His Cys Pro Leu Trp Tyr Gly Tyr Gly 835 840 845 Gly Gly Leu Lys Phe Leu Glu Arg Phe Ser Tyr Ile Asn Ser Ile Val 850 855 860 Tyr Pro Trp Thr Ser Ile Pro Leu Leu Ala Tyr Cys Thr Leu Pro Ala 865 870 875 880 Ile Cys Leu Leu Thr Gly Lys Phe Ile Thr Pro Glu Leu Asn Asn Val 885 890 895 Ala Ser Leu Trp Phe Met Ser Leu Phe Ile Cys Ile Phe Ala Thr Ser 900 905 910 Ile Leu Glu Met Arg Trp Ser Gly Val Gly Ile Asp Asp Trp Trp Arg 915 920 925 Asn Glu Gln Phe Trp Val Ile Gly Gly Val Ser Ser His Leu Phe Ala 930 935 940 Val Phe Gln Gly Leu Leu Lys Val Ile Ala Gly Val Asp Thr Ser Phe 945 950 955 960 Thr Val Thr Ser Lys Gly Gly Asp Asp Glu Glu Phe Ser Glu Leu Tyr 965 970 975 Thr Phe Lys Trp Thr Thr Leu Leu Ile Pro Pro Thr Thr Leu Leu Leu 980 985 990 Leu Asn Phe Ile Gly Val Val Ala Gly Val Ser Asn Ala Ile Asn Asn 995 1000 1005 Gly Tyr Glu Ser Trp Gly Pro Leu Phe Gly Lys Leu Phe Phe Ala Phe 1010 1015 1020 Trp Val Ile Val His Leu Tyr Pro Phe Leu Lys Gly Leu Val Gly Arg 1025 1030 1035 1040 Gln Asn Arg Thr Pro Thr Ile Val Ile Val Trp Ser Ile Leu Leu Ala 1045 1050 1055 Ser Ile Phe Ser Leu Leu Trp Val Arg Ile Asp Pro Phe Leu Ala Lys 1060 1065 1070 Asp Asp Gly Pro Leu Leu Glu Glu Cys Gly Leu Asp Cys Asn 1075 1080 1085 51 25 DNA Artificial Sequence amplicon 51 atggaggcga gcgccgggct ggtgg 25 52 25 DNA Artificial Sequence amplicon 52 ctagttgcaa tccaaaccac actcc 25 

What is claimed is:
 1. An isolated nucleic acid comprising a member selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polynucleotide having at least 70% sequence identity, as determined by the GAP algorithm under default parameters, to a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 25, 27 and 29; (b) a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 26, 28 and 30; (c) a polynucleotide amplified from a Zea mays nucleic acid library using primers which selectively hybridize, under stringent hybridization conditions, to loci within a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 25, 27 and 29; (d) a polynucleotide which selectively hybridizes, under stringent hybridization conditions and a wash in 0.1×SSC at 65° C., to a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 25, 27 and 29; (e) a polynucleotide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 25, 27 and 29; (f) a polynucleotide which is complementary to a polynucleotide of (a), (b), (c), (d), or (e); and (g) a polynucleotide comprising at least 25 contiguous nucleotides from a polynucleotide of (a), (b), (d), (e), or (f).
 2. A recombinant expression cassette, comprising a member of claim 1 operably linked, in sense or anti-sense orientation, to a promoter.
 3. A host cell comprising the recombinant expression cassette of claim
 2. 4. A transgenic plant comprising the recombinant expression cassette of claim
 2. 5. The transgenic plant of claim 4, wherein said plant is a monocot.
 6. The transgenic plant of claim 4, wherein said plant is a dicot.
 7. The transgenic plant of claim 4, wherein said plant is selected from the group consisting of: maize, soybean, sunflower, sorghum, canola, wheat, alfalfa, cotton, rice, barley, millet, peanut, and cocoa.
 8. A seed from the transgenic plant of claim
 4. 9. A method of modulating the level of cellulose synthase in a plant cell, comprising: (a) introducing into a plant cell a recombinant expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide of claim 1 operably linked to a promoter; (b) culturing the plant cell under plant cell growing conditions; and (c) expressing said polynucleotide for a time sufficient to modulate the level of cellulose synthase in said plant cell.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the plant cell is is selected from the group consisting of: maize, soybean, sunflower, sorghum, canola, wheat, alfalfa, cotton, rice, barley, millet, peanut, and cocoa.
 11. A method of modulating the level of cellulose synthase in a plant, comprising: (a) introducing into a plant cell a recombinant expression cassette comprising a polynucleotide of claim 1 operably linked to a promoter; (b) culturing the plant cell under plant cell growing conditions; (c) regenerating a plant from said plant cell; and (d) expressing said polynucleotide for a time sufficient to modulate the level of cellulose synthase in said plant.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the plant is selected from the group consisting of: maize, soybean, sunflower, sorghum, canola, wheat, alfalfa, cotton, rice, barley, millet, peanut, and cocoa.
 13. An isolated protein comprising a member selected from the group consisting of: (a) a polypeptide of at least 20 contiguous amino acids from a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 26, 28 and 30; (b) a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 26, 28 and 30; (c) a polypeptide having at least 70% sequence identity to, and having at least one epitope in common with, a polypeptide selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOS: 26, 28 and 30, wherein said sequence identity is determined by the GAP algorithm under default parameters; and, (d) at least one polypeptide encoded by a member of claim
 1. 14. A method of modifying expression of a cellulose synthase gene in a maize plant, comprising: (a) identifying, from a population of maize plants mutagenized with the Mu transposable element, those plants containing one or more Mu insertions within a polynucleotide of claim 1; (b) selecting those plants showing modified cellulose syse gene expression.
 15. The method of claim 14, where expression of the cellulose synthase gene is down-regulated. 